THE “ MATRYOSHKA-VERSE ”
(m-dimension@hotmail.com, 2012)
ABSTRACT
Our known Universe (between 10^-35 & 10^+27 meters ) is a small band within the total Global
Universe scale spectrum, which, in
principle, can be infinite.
Our Universe is a "bubble" else of the many that exist in a larger scale than ours, within the Global Universe, and
which also had their own Big Bang at different times.
Although the Underlying Fundamental Laws are the same for all spectra and ranges of the Global Universe, they manifest differently through them.
For the different bands of
the spectrum of
the 3D Rainbow may dominate different stimuli
and waves, different fields and forces. And
can be formed different
entities and bodies. Parallel Universes can coexist in different Scale
Levels (Also within the Planck Volume).
Different levels of scales
can be considered Physical Open Systems, and this would mean that there could be an exchange of energy between them.
A FANTASTIC VOYAGE
Everyone has
present the movie "Fantastic
Voyage" (based on the novel by Isaac Asimov, 1966) which reduces the
size of a submarine (Proteus) and crews to be introduced into the blood
circulatory system of a person so they can correct the condition that it has (blood
clot in the brain).
The film has
good scientific basis as always Isaac Asimov do, but also has some important conceptual
errors, both from the standpoint of medicine / biology, and physics / mechanics:
Circulation of the submarine in the blood (difference of the blood and water
density, visibility,..).
But possibly
the most obvious paradox, and possibly the least understand by the reader /
viewer is that, by the fact of reducing a person's body is supposed to also
reduce the component parts of the same way (cells, molecules, atoms, protons,
...). How it is possible that equivalent elements (Ex: water molecule) can
coexist in the same system with different dimensions (up to 10 exp 5: 100,000
times)?. How the intruder would fit within the universe tiny that has been
implanted?. What laws of physics / chemical / biological would be applicable
(micro, macro, or a combination of both), and How they interact with each
other?
This is what
we could call Systems Theory for Spatial Scales (xyz Dimensions).
In physics
and engineering there is also the Theory
of Scale Models (to test prototypes at small scales), to simulate the behavior
of certain variables from the starting parameters, to latter extrapolated to
the actual dimensions and establishing the corresponding model-prototype similarity
(Geometric, Kinematics and Dynamics) between real and scale models (whose
relations are always different from one).
THE NEW CONCEPT OF THE GLOBAL UNIVERSE
Even with
their errors and paradoxes, this book / movie gives us an idea of what could
be traveling between different scales (powers of 10) of the space dimensions
(XYZ). This is what we might call "Matryoshka
Travels" in reference to the famous "Russian Dolls" called
Matryoshka.
Likewise, we
also evidence the difficulty and strangeness of these trips to smaller scales
(Powers negative: cells, molecules, ...), where we cannot travel otherwise than
by making as small as the size of the scale where we want to travel . For this
film the reduction is 100,000 times, but if we move to the scale of the electrons,
we would have to reduce our size 1,000,000,000,000 times (10 exp -18).
Instead
travel to larger scales (Positive Powers: galaxy, universe, ...) always we
imagine without having to change the scale or dimension. It is assumed that a spacecraft
is used (inter-stellar or inter-galactic) and we move at high speeds (maximum
speed of light). But we never imagine to travel there making larger (increasing)
our size as well as we do in the case of travel to the small.
If we make
this effort and we made this change of mind (although the concept itself is not
scientifically feasible) we can visualize what could be a new concept / image
of the Global Universe: 3D Rainbow
or “Matryoshka” Dolls.
Usually,
when we conceive beings from other worlds (other stars, galaxies or universes),
we imagine them in a human scale. Or, what is the same, coming from the same
spatial scale that we (humans) are. But we never imagine them coming from other
different spatial scale (major or minor) to ours. Then in the event that they
were very different, we would impede viewing or perceived them.
THE SCALES OF THE UNIVERSE
It is normal
to visualize the different scales of the known universe in powers of 10 and taking
as a base measure meter (see table below):
• Negative Powers: For smaller scales (till
10 exp -35 meters
for the "strings").
• Positive Powers: For larger scales (till
10 exp+
See link: http://www.microsiervos.com/archivo/ciencia/escala-universo-interactiva.html
This give us
a Global Universe compound or divided into different zones (bands, stripes,
levels, spectra, ranges, ...) that form the different space scales of the
universe.
Based on a
scale of one meter (this is the power 10 exp 0), as we increase the exponent of
10 positive (1,2, ...., n), we will show larger sizes (10 exp 3 is 1 km , 10 exp 9 is a million km,
and 10 exp 16 is a light-year, the distance light travels in one year).
Some
dimensions of reference (m exp 10):
Concept
|
Exp
|
Discovery
|
Man
|
0
|
|
Earth
|
7
|
|
Sun
|
9
|
|
Solar System
|
13
|
XVI (Galileo & Kepler)
|
Galaxy
|
21
|
XVIII (Herschel)
|
Universe
|
27
|
XX
(Big-Bang of George Gamow)
|
Multiverse
|
35 (¿)
|
XXI (to prove
and see)
|
If instead,
we make powers 10 negative, we will define measures under (10 exp -3 is a millimeter,
10 exp -9 is a nanometer and 10 exp -35 is the Planck Unit).
Some
dimensions of reference (m exp 10):
Concept
|
Exp
|
Discovery
|
Man
|
0
|
|
Cell / red blood cell
|
-6/7
|
XVII (Robert Hooke)
|
DNA
|
-9
|
1953
(Francis Compton-James Dewey)
|
Water Molecule
|
-10
|
XIX (Amadeo Avogadro)
|
Protón
(The smallest detected)
|
-15
|
1919 (Ernest Rutherford)
|
Electrón/ Quark
|
-18
|
1897 (JJ
Thomson) &1950 (M.Gell-Mann)
|
Neutrino
|
-24
|
1930 (Wolfgang Pauli)
|
String
|
-35
|
Siglo XXI
(to prove and see)
|
Knowledge of
the composition and the laws governing the various levels of scales (both
positive and negative) has been discovered through the ages (Ages History) as scientific
and technological advances. The advances in large (classical physics) have been
produced earlier by the ease of being observed (for the last five centuries),
while the small (quantum physics) have occurred mostly during the last century.
THE GLOBAL UNIVERSE AREAS / BANDS
In each of
these areas / zones (bands, stripes, levels, spectra, ranges,...) are supposed to act or apply (in a greater or lesser extent)
some physical laws. These laws that would make that the elements and form
structures coexist with a certain harmony and logic, as it does in our own area
or stretch of Our Universe.
We could say
that Our Universe covers scales from
10 exp -35 (length or Planck scale, the smallest allowed by the current physics
models due to the emergence of quantum gravity effects) to 10 exp +27 meters (which is
longer than is considered is Our
Universe).
The visual
or graphical observation of these elements (both positive and negative scales)
requires optical magnification systems or other wave detection systems:
- Telescope (optical, x-ray, infrared,…)
for the observation of large bodies to long distances (electromagnetic
waves). The most distant objects that have been detected are 13,000 million light years (10 ^ +
- Microscopes (optical, electronic, nuclear, ...)
for the observation of small bodies at very short distances. Smaller
objects that have
been detected are 10 ^
In both cases,
it is required high power glasses, and increased sophistication of technology or
a long exposure to capture light (electromagnetic wave) needs to be viewed or
recorded. And even in some cases requires the use of other wave detection systems
(Telescope: X-ray, infrared,... and Microscope: electrons, forces, ...) to
better detect these bodies.
It is like if
to move away within this 3D-Rainbow
(both positive and negative) from our reference range/strip, we ran out of the
stimulus (waves) that requires humans to observe or record a form or body. It's
the same that occur when we move in one of the spatial dimensions (XYZ) ,that it
is becoming smaller and blurred the body or form that we move away.
From our
point of observation, we are in the center of our spectrum or band of the Universe Global (Our Universe), in that as the size or scale of the bodies and
entities move away from us, we find it more difficult to observe and detection.
And whose boundaries have been extended through time, as that science and
technology have progressed.
In an interview with Eduardo Punset the renowned
astronomer and physicist Stuart Clark (2012), this last commented: "... Our species is halfway
between the largest structures and
the smallest of the Universe and we are very fortunate because it serves
as a platform to observe the universe in all its dimensions ...". According
to the theory proposed in this article should be
this statement : "... Our species is halfway between the largest structures and the smallest of the Known Universe because from the reference spectrum scale
where we are, is what
our technology and expertise allows
us to see and understand. But it is very possible that in the future this range will be widened in both directions and will allow us to see and understand the universe in broader dimensions... "
OTHER UNIVERSES WITHIN OTHER SPACE SCALES
For
centuries humanity has been assumed that the universe was Earth (flat or not)
and Sky (with stars and planets) going around. The Earth was the center of the Universe
on which revolved the other bodies.
Something
similar happens to us now where we assume that the area (stripe, level, range,
scale, ...) where we are within the Global
Universe is the only real, but there may be other universes in other areas within
this 3D-Rainbow that will have their
own physical laws, and other types of forms or bodies, and even, why not, other
living things.
If we can imagine
(as an allegory) that an electron is the equivalent to the Earth revolving
around the nucleus of an atom, like do the Earth around the Sun. How we would
see our universe if we lived in this electron? We would imagine that we are
part of another body or entity? As much as we travel with a spacecraft of this scale
(10 exp -20), it would be very difficult for us to observe the entity that we
belong to. And also it would be very difficult to receive the waves to display
or capture the required information.
Possibly at
this scale (negative powers), the
waves are much smaller (both in frequency and scope) and undetectable to us
now. These waves are what we would be able to detect if we were living in an
electron, and of course, the waves we mean by light (electromagnetic optical
spectrum) would be undetectable for us and the instruments that we would have
in these dimensions (10 exp -20).
On this scale of negative powers prevail
the fields (forces) weak and strong, with the
electromagnetic, while the gravitational field has less influence.
And it works now
can be explained by of Quantum physics model
and mathematical model of Neumann.
In these scales it is an Universe
where coexist entities
such as photons, bosons,
graviton, neutrino, positron, etc.. And
there is a duality between waves and particles. And the matter,
as we know, becomes meaningless. And the
Uncertainty Principle (Heisenberg) is its
essence more representative (at
least seen from our scale).
The new
theory Causal Dynamical Triangulation
(abbreviated as CDT) propose that space-time to be two dimensions (one space and time) near the Planck scale, and reveals a fractal structure on slices of constant
time. "Where Dynamic selects a particular preferred
dimension between the three possible. This dimension would be given preferential
classically and then
it would randomly alternating
physical processes that are operating at those scales "(Carlip, 2012).
For the civilization that, hypothetically, could be
on these negative scales, the time scale could also be very different from
our reference scale or our human scale.
Possibly the emergence and end of a race or civilization
on a scale 10 ^ -20 meters
would take time proportional equivalent of our scale (For example, the human race: 10 ^ -20 x 100,000
years = 10 ^ -15 years = 10 ^
-8 seconds = 10
nanoseconds).
Likewise, we
can extrapolate this experience to large scales (positive powers). Imagine (as an allegory) that a galaxy is a type
of cell (neuron) of a Superior Entity, and that the interaction between these type
of neurons (Galaxies) with other galaxies (neurons) make a thought (set of
bits) of this Superior Entity.
At this scale of positive powers, prevail
the gravitational and electromagnetic fields (forces), and the influence of strong and weak fields (strength) are less, or practically zero. And
its functioning currently
can be explained by the physical models of the Theory of Relativity (Special and General Relativity by Albert Einstein) and
mathematical models of Riemann.
At these scales, there coexist entities as black holes, galaxies, nebulae, etc.. And
there is a duality between matter and energy, and between space and time. And the
speed of light as a constant and
a limit of our universe, takes all its
prominence. And there the Theory of Big Bang and Isotropic Expansion of our universe are its essence more
representative (at least seen
from our scale).
For the civilization that, hypothetically, could be
on these positive scales, the time scale could also be very different from
our reference scale or our human scale.
Possibly transmitting a stimulus between a
neuron (Galaxy) to another neuron (Galaxy) on a
scale of 10 ^+20 meters
will last for a proportional time equivalent
to our scale (10 ^+20 x 1 microsecond
= 10 +14 seconds
= 10 ^ +7 years
= 10 million years).
To an
observer who was in either of these two scales (electron or macro-neuron), His Universe would be another. And it
would cover other spectra or bands of the Global Universe.
At these spectra of the 3D Rainbow, as we have seen, govern other models
and patterns, as well as other
waves and stimuli, other fields and forces, other entities and bodies.
If we refer to the allegory of the 3D Rainbow,
we could say that the universe of the
electron would be in the "blue spectrum", while the
neuron universe would be in the "yellow spectrum", while Our Universe would
be in the middle, in the "green spectrum".
The latter would be our band, which
is easily explained by the mathematical and physical models of Euclid , Newton
OUR UNIVERSE IS A VIRTUAL MODEL
As that
happened to our ancestors, we are slaves of the information we receive through
the senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) and we process this
information according to the knowledge we have.
The universe
as we know or perceive is a virtual model (illusion) that shapes our brain from
the stimuli we receive from him through our senses (sight, hearing, smell,
taste and touch). These senses have developed and evolved through natural
selection for survival as the stimuli that exist in our universe
(electromagnetic waves, pressure waves, ...) as well as in other animals have
developed other ways as other stimuli (ultrasound waves, ...).
We could
imagine entities (some already exist) that have organs (senses) sensitive to
other stimuli such as X-rays, infrared or ultraviolet rays, radio waves, etc..
But it seems
clear that the stimuli may be different in each zone or area of the
M-Dimension. There will be the same stimuli (waves, ...) at quantum scales
(<10 -10="-10" at="at" exp="exp" large="large" scales="scales" that="that"> 10 exp +10). And they will be more
different to much further scales from our universe (scales smaller than 10 exp
-50 and greater than 10 exp +50). Although these scales are difficult to
assimilate for us, and possibly they will be not feasible, according to current
scientific and physical models.
On the other
hand, if we consider that an atom measured on average 1 Ångstrong (1 Å = 10
exp -10 meters )
and the nucleus is 10 exp -14
meters , means that the nucleus of an atom (where there
it is the mass of the atom) has a diameter 10,000 times smaller than the atom
itself. If the atom had a diameter of 100 meters (a football
field) the nucleus would measure 1 centimeter (a button). Put another way, in an
atom fits 10,000,000 (10 exp 7) nucleus. So that for every 1 volume of mass is
10,000,000 vacuum.
Therefore,
what we perceive or recognize as forms of Matter
in the Universe (bodies) as a stimulus of the sense of touch, are but forms
nearly empty (with a mass per volume of 10,000,000 of vacuum), but with
electrical charges (positive and negative), which are what really give us the
sensation (touch) consistency of the bodies or different states of matter
(solid, liquid and gas). These are the electrical charges that prevent solid
objects transferred. If we can neutralize the electrical charges of a body
(ball), this could, with varying degrees of difficulty, pass another solid
(walls).
And, if we
consider that the Colors,
which are what allow us to visualize and get a spatial composition of the forms
of the universe around us (using the sense of sight), there are only electromagnetic
waves ranging from red (700 nm = 7 10 exp -7) to violet (400 nm = 4 10 exp -7),
which are produced by altering the orbits of electrons in molecules by
excitation of photons colliding with them. If they do not photons (light) waves
are not issued and do not see the body. According to the molecule, there are
different waves giving different colors we see. All this reflects a somewhat
virtual universe in which we live, and we do a composition according to the
stimuli we receive.
All this reflects a somewhat virtual
universe in which we live, and we do a composition according to the stimuli we receive. It's very similar to what might be a
computer program, similar to "Second
Life" or any 3D virtual game.
Where in the
smallest we find the "pixels"
of light (the smaller they are, the higher definition quality),
and the biggest thing we have to define loops
establishing limits for the user does not notice
them.
Extraordinary is the scene from the movie "Level 13" (directed by Josef Rusnak
in 1999) in which the protagonist discovers that he is in a virtual computer
program.
FUNDAMENTAL LAWS MANIFEST THEMSELVES DIFFERENTLY THROUGH
THE 3D RAINBOW
We are pure energy properly conjoined and harmonized by the Fundamental physical principles and laws underlying the universe. But these
laws are manifested differently
across the different spectra of the 3D Rainbow.
Different force fields known (weak,
strong, electromagnetic and gravity)
govern differently across
these spectra or zones
(scale) of the 3D Rainbow. This has forced
to use different models and patterns
so that we can explain and interpret them (Classical, Quantum and Relativistic
Physics and mathematics of Euclid,
Neumann and Riemann).
We can accept or agree that the Fundamental and Underlying Laws of the Global Universe
are (or can
be) the same for all
spectra and stripes, although
they manifest themselves differently
through them. Thus, these manifestations of the physical laws of
the different levels are not independent of each other, but rather dependent and consistent with each other, so that may be established models and
theories that encompass several zones or spectrums, as Quantum Mechanics, the Theory
of Relativity, or the lately M-Theory.
And these
areas may even be (in some bands or scales) parallel universes with their fields, waves, stimuli, forms, beings
(living or not), just as you would for a universe of three dimensions (X, Y and
time) if appear the Fourth Dimension (Z). Assuming a sheet of a book like this
in the Flat (3D) Universe entities that move across its surface XY, every leaf
of a book could be a different flat universe (parallel universes), and could be
as many universes as leaves .
If we see
the diagram represent the different spectra (bands, zones, levels, ...) from
the scale 10 exp -1000 to 10 exp +1000 in intervals of 10 exp 100, we can get an
idea of how big the Global Universe
can be compared to Our Universe (known
one) that moves only in the central strip (10 exp -50 to 10 +50) which, at
best, really get to know or intuit from 10 exp -35 (strings) to 10 exp +35 (multi-universes).
Clearly these concepts are not limited just to these borders.
But these bands or
spectra and colors
should be understood that they
change in a gradual way (like the colors of the rainbow)
and unbounded.
Where there may be some effects that only
cover a part of a strip
(air pressure waves, sea waves, ...),
and other various levels (electromagnetic waves, gravitational field,
...).
If this
proposal (about a Global Universe that consists of different spectral bands like
a 3D-Rainbow) was correct, then
there could be electromagnetic waves at other scales that currently would not
be detectable by our systems:
- Both, large levels (eg.
on scales of 10 exp +
- As small levels (eg. exp
scales of 10
If the Scales Levels could be considered as Open Physical Systems, it would mean that
there could be exchange of energy between them. Then, Our Known Universe, could absorb or lease energy from other scale levels (lower or higher) without contradicting the Second Law of Thermodynamics ("Energy can not
be created or destroyed, only
transformed"… or it change to another level or Scale
System !!!).
Although
scientists today are more open than before to accept or consider (at least not
easily reject) any proposal or theory out of the usual guidelines, there is
always some resistance to its acceptance, approval and distribution.
Nowadays, to
be consistent with existing physical models, our universe has its limits within
this 3D-Rainbow:
- A lower limit: the Planck Scale of
about 10 exp
- A top limit: the proper size of Our
Known Universe about 10 exp +
According to
the currently accepted
scientific theories, Our Universe is considered as a closed physical system and isotropically expanding. This leads
to inconsistency of
specifying a Dark
Energy to explain this
expansion, so as to have to accept that the expansion rate may be higher than
the speed of
light.
Possibly, if we consider Our Universe as an Open Physical
System whether these
inconsistencies could be solved (¿).
Isotropic Expansion is easily understood if we think of 4 coins (A, B,
C and D)
spaced 5 cm ,
which every 10 seconds we separated
5 cm .
At the initial instant of separation
between A and D
would be 20 cm .
But after 1 minute they would be 240 cm , while the speed of separation
between them is only 30 cm per
minute. If we imagine this
idea considering the magnitudes of
many stars and galaxies
in the Universe, and the separation speeds,
you can understand why it is assumed that the overall rate of expansion of the universe can exceed the speed of light .
A property of the Isotropic Expansion is that from
anywhere in the universe will see
objects (stars, galaxies,...) are
distanced from us at a speed
proportional to the distance you are
away from us. Then
if we put a limit to the expansion rate (Eg
The speed of light), this implies
that the expansion
distance stop. If
we look from Earth in all
directions would have a border
where the expansion would stop,
and we (the Earth would be in the center).
And this would be very strange and very casual.
The Hubble
Space Telescope detected during 2003 and 2004 the area known as the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF), which
displays what is believed to have been the first galaxies after the Big Bang,
and it is supposed to include more than 13,000 million light years away. So
they are the most distant objects ever observed by humans.
According to the Theory of Isotropic Expansion of the Universe (which expands equally at
the same speed in all directions and
zones), there is no center
of the universe which generated the Big Bang,
and there are no limits
or external borders of Our Universe.
What has been seen in the HUDF
is supposed to also be seen in any direction you
look (in fact seems
to have been carried pictures of other zones of the Universe with galaxies similar to the HUDF). So
the HUDF not focus toward the center of
the universe or the point of the
Big Bang.
It is interesting to understand the difference
between Our Universe
(known) and our Observable Universe. Because the isotropic expansion
occurs at a speed exceeding
the speed of light, it is assumed that Our Universe (known)
may have a diameter of 90,000 million light years. While, such as occurred approximately 14,000 million years
ago, the Observable Universe is a sphere with a diameter of
28,000 million light years, within our universe.
Furthermore, and according to current conventional physical theories, Our
Universe has no center, no boundaries, no limits outdoors. It has not a particular 3D
morphological form. At these scales
we talk about forms of 4D space-time,
which make them difficult to assimilate us by our
brain, and only be modeled
mathematically (Friemann Equations and "Manifolds"
Riemann).
There different alternatives are possible (space-time
Universe Flat, Closed / Spherical or Open
/ Hyperbolic). And
if the universe were
flat (that it is the one that
is considered more feasible), the form of 4D space-time of the universe could be a 4D Möbius Toro or
4D Klein bottle that they
are Closed Loop Systems (loop
of space-time that prevents anything can come out of
this "4D volume" of
space-time). It is neither more nor less than what we do to limit programs 3D
computer games, to never exceed their limits, and without realizing it.
One way to
understand the closed-loop systems is our own planet (Earth). For
many centuries and thousands of years humanity considered that they lived on a Flat Earth (infinite or not, and where sea water
is poured by their limits), where the Sun,
Moon, planets and stars swirled around. Now
we know that it is spherical, and that if we walk straight
to direction we want, after
40,000 km , we come back to the
same place. This is a closed loop of 2D curved in 3D space.
The fact for which our known universe
is present in such
forms as complex 4D and not as a sphere or, at best, as an irregular cloud,
is because it is considered that in these dimensions the space-time collapses on
itself due to the enormous force of gravity.
Despite all this, who knows if someday
we could detect objects outside
of our universe, or even to escape this annoying 4D Closed Loop System in which we are. Although this Universe for
viewing from outside, possibly
our brain should be able to assimilate and understand 4D forms.
Our brain (and entire body) has
evolved to survive and understand the scale range or level in which we
live (at most 10 ^-10 and 10 ^+10 meters , between
the molecules and the solar system).
To understand the upper and lower
scales it should make
an extra effort, and rely on mathematical models, which are sometimes,
completely impossible to understand by our brain. Are the
scales between 10 ^ -30 to 10 ^ + 30
the limits that our brain is able to assimilate?
To better
understand what has been said we can take the example of an ant. Is its brain ready to understand that the Earth is round? And what is it understanding when a human touches it or prevents
the passage? For it this will be
considered a phenomenon of nature, like an earthquake or hurricane.
It has long
been considered many nebulae and galaxies visible to the naked eye as simple
stars or nebulae, respectively, until the instruments allowed us to discern,
and detected many galaxies. Currently it is believed that there are so many
galaxies (10 exp 11) and stars (10 exp 11) in our galaxy (Milky Way).
Who knows if one day, we might be able to detect other objects or universes outside
the boundaries or horizons of Our Universe. Or
we detect waves or any other type of stimuli, which came
from outside our universe, and
out of this Closed Labyrinth 4D.
It would be absurd to think that the currently known limits of
the Universe are their absolute
limits. This would imply that we already know almost all
the physical laws of the universe.
But common sense tells us that it is more feasible that we are
at the beginning of knowing, and that we still have much more to discover and understand.
"Why comply
with the known models and patterns
of Underlying Fundamental Laws of Our Universe, if we could understand better them if we could decode them from outside its boundaries?"
(Common sense)
KALUZA-KLEIN THEORY: THE EXISTENCE OF NEW SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
Mathematicians Theodor Kaluza (1919) and Oskar Klein (1926) proposed a theory that assumes the existence of higher-dimensional space (to the three known XYZ) wound on these at very small scales (Planck size). These would be circular dimensions new and independent directions. As if we look a hose from a distance seem to have only two dimensions, but, as we approach, we see it has another that forms its outer surface. According to String Theory, these extra dimensions would be 6, and these should be rolled in a Calabi-Yau 6D shape. This theory could be compatible with the CDT (Causal Dynamical Triangulation).
For our scale, these dimensions do not affect us, and they cannot be appreciated. But for hypothetical residents within this size so small, they would take all their meaning and prominence.
We might ask whether the form of 4D space-time of our universe (4D Möbius Toro or 4D Klein bottle) would be just like these other dimensions of Kaluza-Klein rolled but for large dimensions (4D Loop System closed). So if we went out of Our Universe, certain dimensions that we detect inside would cease to have effect.
It is as we assert that the dimensions are different for different spatial scales of reference in which we find ourselves.
SEARCH FOR EVIDENDES ABOUT THE 3D RAINBOW
Any new
scientific proposal must be adequately proven (experimental) or demonstrated (theoretically) to become officially accepted by
the scientific community. And it is clear that to date there is no evidence (either experimental or theoretical) to prove or demonstrate this new
model of the universe (3D Rainbow).
The aim of this article is simply to propose an idea or approach
to be considered, that provides a broader scenario that this we currently
have about our known universe. To accept the feasibility of this proposal
will facilitate to define and plan the appropriate
experiments and formulations for prove or demonstrate it.
On the contrary, if we just stick to
the known, and to the currently accepted
limits, it will
difficult to leave them.
The most evident (experimental) way to prove this approach, would be to detect signals (waves) specific
to these strips (inside and
outside) of the spectral band
of Our Universe.
For the outer limits, it
seems more acceptable the possibility of detecting known external
signals (waves), or
some evidences of the existence of
other entities or universes. And it seems possible that some day we
may be able to detect certain
Electromagnetic Waves,
or the enigmatic Gravitational Waves, income from outside of Our Universe.
If we assume that Our Universe is just one more of the millions
of other possible universes, the potential Electromagnetic
and Gravitational Waves generated by the Big Bang of these other universes
(generated prior to ours), could
be currently crossing Our Universe.
However, for the inner borders seems more complex its detection. Because
the only known signals we could detect
are the Electromagnetic Waves of wavelength less than the Planck size,
and they have a very
high energy and
possibly a very short range. Therefore,
its detection seems to be very difficult.
Electromagnetic waves
A known signal that would allow us to validate the proposal are the electromagnetic waves that can interact in
different spectral bands, from the smallest (<10 exp="exp" font="font"> -35 meters , the Planck
length) to the largest (10 exp + 26 meters ,
the length of our universe).
But the
existence of these waves would
this mean that they were originated and come from outside the range of universe we know? Any EM wave of wavelength less than
10 exp -35 meters must necessarily come
from scales smaller
than this size, or could they also be generated within our known universe?. The same questions
we could do on
the EM waves
above 10 exp +26 meters .
If we imagine again the
allegory that an electron is the
equivalent of the Earth turning around the nucleus of an atom, like do the
Earth around the Sun, and also that intelligent beings could live on this scale with technology equivalent to ours, would they be able to create FM radio waves? And
if they were not, would they be able
to detect FM waves
from higher scales?
For EM fields of small dimensions, there is the problem of high energy of these waves, in which a single
wave (photon) with
the Planck wavelength
(10 exp -35 meters ), carries energy of about 3 tons
TNT. So to detect
this type of electromagnetic radiation, we should hide in a
shelter (bunker) and wait for it
to produce a very loud explosion.
Another problem is that these waves may have a very short range that will make
it difficult its detection.
To detect large waves, also
called ELF ("Extrem Low Frequency") or incorrectly
"DC EM waves"
("Direct Current
EM waves"), because they are nearly
plane waves for our
scale, we would have the problem opposite, their low power. In these waves
the energy of the photons would approach
zero, although its scope
could be very long.
The
electromagnetic waves of wavelength 10 exp
+10, that is a frequency of 30 MHz (one wave every 30 seconds, nothing special in fact, similar to the
magnetic resonance frequency of the
magnetosphere field of the Earth ), could
be easily detected, measured and recorded with a multi-meter connected to a strip chart
recorder, and with very good insulation
to avoid any noise or interference. This may
involve having to locate the meter and all installation in the interplanetary
space (in a interplanetary
satellite or spacecraft as far
away from any object: planet,
satellite,...).
But things get complicated if we
want to detect and record EM waves of
longer wavelengths, and especially when it comes to lengths exceeding 10 exp +25 meters . This means a period
of 1,000 million years for a complete cycle. And we should be able to perceive a
small piece of the wave (accuracy
1/1.000.000.000 variation of the wave amplitude
for 1 year of measurement
and recording). And at least
We would need several
measurements (and so
many years as measurements).
One of the difficulties encountered for detecting these low frequencies (ELF: "Extreme Low Frequency") is the size of the
antenna. The antennas should have a size approximate
to half the wavelength with which they operate.
However, there are other ways to build
radio stations with smaller sizes due to
electrical lengthening.
But we would need a system of electrical lengthening
between stations to very high distances (around
the Earth, Earth-Moon, ...).
For long wavelengths of a few meters, a new generation radio telescope, the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), has
started test operations in 2009 and will be fully operational in 2013. Most of the 40 planned stations operating in the Netherlands (http://www.lofar.org), six in Germany
(http://www.lofar.de), and one in
the UK (http://www.LOFAR-uk.org), one in
Sweden (http://lofar-se.org) and one in
France (http://www.lesia.obspm.fr/plasma/Lofar).
The extension to other European
countries are planned. Among
the many possibilities LOFAR observation, is being
able to track the radio synchrotron emission of low energy cosmic rays in
weak magnetic fields. This allows us to
observe the outermost regions of galaxies that are only accessible via radio waves.
But even if it were
possible to detect these EM waves of wavelengths so extreme,
positive or negative, is not
100% guaranteed that these waves came from beyond our known
universe, but it is always a
possibility to consider.
Gravitational Waves
Another option for detecting stimuli from outside of Our Known Universe could be the mysterious
Gravitational Waves.
Gravity, which is the first force that the man knew (Galileo,
Copernicus and Newton
In physics, a Gravitational Wave
is a ripple in
space-time produced by a massive
body accelerated. Gravitational
waves are a consequence of
general relativity theory of Einstein and
transmitted at the speed of light.
So far it has not been possible to detect any of
these waves, although there is
indirect evidence of them.
Gravitational
waves can travel very
long distances nearly unchanged, and its main possible sources
are three types:
- Catastrophic Sources by explosion, produced by
the coalescence of compact binary star systems, or formation of neutron stars or black holes in supernovae.
- Narrowband Sources: Rotation of individual
stars not asymmetric as binary stars far
from coalescence.
- Stochastic funds due to the integrated effect of many sources of long distance, and even that could be generated by effects of the above sources produced in the early universe.
Latest studies suggest that one of the causes of Dark
Energy might be the Primordial Gravitational Waves produced during
the inflationary phase in the first moments of the Big Bang.
Currently there are several projects for the
observation of gravitational waves,
such as LIGO (USA ), TAMA 300 (Japan ),
GEO 600 (Germany
and UK ),
or VIRGO
(France and Italy
The pessimists believe that the actual detection of gravitational waves can only be done from space. A
space mission called LISA ("Laser
Interferometer Space Antenna")
is currently under study to be the first space observatory for gravitational waves and could be operational around 2020.
The study of these waves will help us to answer questions about the early universe,
the hypothetical end
or their limits, and who knows if
other universes outside our. It is
possible that could be detected Stochastic Backgrounds
generated by the Big Bang
of other universes outside our own, or due
to collisions between
them.
NEW THEORY OF GRAVITY
Different Fields of Forces of Nature we know (strong and weak nuclear, electromagnetic and gravitational) have associated a particle (Higgs, Gluon, Photon and Graviton, respectively) but the latter (the Graviton) is still to be demonstrated experimentally.
Currently it is still unknown how gravity really works (Newton
Currently there are other proposals that try to explain gravity by Quantum Theory, such as Arthur A. Larson that propose it as an interaction of emission and absorption of gravitons from within the nuclei of atoms between them, producing self-movement toward each other atoms. Or, as Hawking said, "an exchange of gravitons between the particles constituting two bodies" that makes them move or attract. Gravity would be then quantified (based on particles) as they are all the other field forces of nature. A quantized gravity is one of the holy grails of science.
If the latter proposal (Larson and Hawking) was correct, would be a major change in the currently accepted scientific concepts about the universe, such as the limitation of the speed of light, the Big Bang and the expanding universe.
Microwave Background Radiation of the Universe
Inflationary
theory (if it was also valid outside the boundaries of our universe) predicts the impossibility of traveling between two "bubble
universes" outside our own, because
the space between them would be still in phase of inflation,
expanding faster than the light can travel through
it. So, any type of
radiation that could prove the existence of this bubble,
could not reach to us.
However, physicists have wondered what would happen if two of those bubbles (universes) collide, so that anywhere
between them does not
exist inflationary phase space,
for example against our universe (our bubble).
A study and analysis of the Microwave Background
Radiation of the Universe (made by NASA's
WMAP) and treated
with certain computer filters and
algorithms, it seems that detects collisions between other bubbles and ours (Our Universe), in primordial times. Such collisions would occur predictably during the beginning of our universe.
http://moriond.in2p3.fr/J12/transparencies/11_Sunday_am/mcewen.pdf
This
international team has created a new computerized algorithm to catch such irregularities in Our Universe. That they believe would be
of a circular shape, and similar to temporary flattening
that happens when a ball
hits another.
Luckily, modern telescopes are able to study a faded snapshot of the universe when it was a baby: the Cosmic Microwave Background.
The CMB is the radiation emitted by the hot plasma
that dominated the universe to about 380,000 years after the "Big Bang", occurred more than 13 billion years ago.
But it could be that the current maps of
the CMB (Cosmic Microwave
Background) are
not precise enough to detect small changes that presumably indicate a crash or collision inter-universal. So we're
waiting for the new Planck space telescope
data, which is recording the CMB with a resolution three times better than the most recent mapping
CMB, created using the orbiter Wilkinson
Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP).
Data collection of Planck is scheduled
to end this year, but it will
take until January
2013 to filter and eliminating distortions caused by interference from
celestial bodies closer to us,
in terms of
space-time, compared with the
CMB.
Universes within the Planck Volume (smaller than the
Planck Scale)
The Size (Scale) or Length of Planck (ℓ P) is that
length below which it is expected that space
will no have longer classical geometry. A lower measure
of Planck Length can not be treated properly
with current physics
models due to the emergence of
quantum gravity effects. To put it
briefly, any particle that is smaller
such a length, will no longer have a classical geometry, ie, an object without
the dimensions that we know (length, width, and depth).
The Planck Length is calculated as the distance traveled by a photon at the speed of light in the Planck
Time, and depends on three fundamental
constants, the speed of light
(c), the Planck constant (h) and gravitational constant (G). The
Planck length is about 10 exp -35 meters .
Furthermore, we can define
different Basic Planck Units (length, time, mass, charge and temperature)
and Derived
Planck Units (energy, strength, power, density, pressure,...).
The Planck Volume is the volume
contained in a cube with edges
of the Planck length
(ℓ P cubed).
Can there be something (and even more Universes) within this volume? For our brain it is very difficult to assimilate
it. While the possibility of
the existence of other universes outside of our own, though difficult but
it is understandable, for
lower dimensions, it is very
difficult to understand and assimilate.
Our brain makes us think that there must be an end, a minimum particle that
until 100 years ago it was
believed to be the atom
(Greek "a (no)-tom
(divisible)", which means “no parts” or indivisible),
which was predicted by the former
Greece
We must note that the size
of Planck (10 exp-35 meters ) is 10 exp-25 times
smaller than the dimension of
a standard atom (10 exp -10 meters ). Viewed in another way, for the Planck size is the size of an atom, what for us is the dimension of the Known Universe.
Very little is known of these
dimensions, and concepts like
Quantum Foam (basic fabric of the universe which is on these
lengths), Quantum
Gravity (unifying theory), Fractal Quantum Space-Time, Strings (ToE “Theory of
Everything”) and Vacuum Energy are confusing and fascinating concepts that are
considered in these
scales.
The Theory of Kaluza-Klein (1919-1926) proposed
the existence of new spatial
dimensions additional wound
that could be as small as the Planck length.
And String
Theory proposes the existence
of six extra spatial dimensions to those known as Calabi-Yau space.
If confirmed the existence of these extra
spatial dimensions beyond the
Planck size, it would mean that, all those entities or possible universes that might exist
would be multi-dimensional,
and would be very
different from our universe. And therefore,
they would be very difficult to
assimilate to our
brain and from our reference scale.
What types of stimuli (waves) may come from these so small and multi-dimensional sizes? It is possible that at these scales below the Planck size
(under 10 exp -35 meters )
there are EM waves (and possible
also waves of the strong and weak fields), but these would be very
small and short (both length in scope)
and also very high
energy. But it would also be
possible that there may be other types of force fields currently unknown, and
their waves, stimuli or signals, all undetectable for us and for the
instruments currently available in
our scale.
The technology
system currently used by our scientists to study particles and phenomena such as small size,
are the famous particle colliders. They try to observe and detect radiation
and particles produced by
colliding very small particles
(hadrons, electrons, protons, ... ) together and at very high speeds.
Possibility of the existence and detection of other unknown force fields
Possibility of the existence and detection of other unknown force fields
As already
mentioned, the known Forces Fields are only four: Weak, Strong, Electromagnetic and Gravitational. Gravity was the first force that
the man knew (XVII century), before
the EM
(XIX century) and obviously the Weak
and Strong Nuclear forces, (XX century).
With these four force
fields, are scientifically explained,
currently, all observed phenomena in the known Universe.
What would
happen if one or more new force fields were discovered? Is this a viable hypothesis?
Obviously, this is a very feasible
possibility. If not it would be such as to say that we know almost everything in physics, and that
few things we have left to
discover. Suppose this would be very
pretentious and even irresponsible
for serious and rigorous scientific.
Especially considering that, four centuries, ago
there was not any known. Two centuries
ago was known EM, and only 100 years ago were known the weak and strong.
As we have seen, these known forces are more
prevalent in some scales than others. Then maybe these other force fields to know presented with greater
splendor beyond the known limits
of our universe (either in the positive or
in the negative).
But, if we do
not know them, more difficult will be to
detect, but not impossible. We
simply have to keep an open mind to this possibility and to be alert to any signs or
abnormal/strange phenomenon that
can not be explained with the known fields.
COMPARATIVE BETWEEN UNIVERSE MODELS (MAINSTREAM & 3D
RAINBOW)
MAINSTREAM MODEL
|
3D RAINBOW MODEL
|
The Universe (is unique) is limited to the upper scales by the space generated from the Big-Bang (10^+
|
Our known Universe (between 10^-35 & 10^+
|
The Universe (which is unique) began
in a Big Bang 13,700 million years ago and it is expanding isotropically since that time.
|
Our Universe is a "bubble"
else of the many that exist in a larger scale than ours within the Global Universe, and which also had
(or will have) their own Big Bang at different times.
|
In the Universe there are four Forces Fields (strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravity) which
explain all known physical phenomena.
|
Out of the current limits of this range scale of Our Universe may be other Force Fields acting very weakly in Our Universe.
|
Underlying Fundamental Laws of the Universe are the same for the whole universe even that they
can manifest differently
in the large (Quantum Model)
and the small (Relativistic Model).
|
While we accept that the Underlying Fundamental Laws are the
same for all spectra and ranges of the Global Universe, they manifest
differently through them, requiring
different models that
formalize and explain this
different zones.
|
The Universe, currently, can be explained and standardized
by two physical models: Quantum Model (for small) and Relativistic Model (for large). And
is evolving into a pattern that would unify all previous
models (M-theory
or Super-string), covering the entire universe.
|
For the
different bands of the 3D Rainbow of the Global Universe, may dominate different models and patterns to better explain its phenomena (Relativistic and Quantum Models). The M-theory may
simply cover a
wider range of zones, encompassing the previous models.
|
The Universe is unique, and all waves and
stimuli, and the fields and forces we know, are
what conform the
whole. Only would be possible other
Parallel Universes, and potential living beings, in other Spatial Dimensions.
|
For the
different bands of the
spectrum of the 3D Rainbow may dominate different stimuli and waves, different fields
and forces. And can be formed different entities and bodies. Parallel Universes can coexist, and even
different living beings in different Scale Levels.
|
Our species is halfway between the largest structures and the smallest of the Universe, and we
are very lucky because it
serves as a platform to observe the universe in all its aspects.
|
Our species is halfway between the largest structures and the smallest of the known universe, because from the reference spectrum scale where
we are, that is what our
technology and expertise allows
us to observe and learn towards
the two directions.
|
The Universe is considered a closed physical system
in which the energy contained
in it is constant.
|
Different levels of scales can be
considered Physical
Open Systems, and this
would mean that there could be an
exchange of energy between them.
|
POSSIBLE SIGNALS
BEYOND THE LIMITS OF OUR
UNIVERSE
POSITIVE
SCALES
|
Electromagnetic waves of very high wavelengths (above 10 exp +
|
Gravitational Waves from Stochastic Funds
generated by the Big Bang of
other universes outside Our Universe.
|
Microwave Background Radiation of the Universe treated with certain filters and computer
algorithms to detect collisions of other bubbles out of (or against) Our
Universe.
|
Other waves generated by unknown force fields (from other universes), that prevail
only on scales very high (above 10 exp +
|
NEGATIVE
SCALES
|
Electromagnetic waves of very low wavelengths (bellow 10 exp
|
Potential Waves generated by Weak and Strong Fields.
|
Other waves generated by unknown force fields, that prevail only on scales very low (bellow 10 exp
|
.
