tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7835347805902120532024-03-05T10:07:25.703+01:00M-DIMENSIOMOur known Universe (between 10^-35 & 10^+27 meters) is a small band within the total Global Universe scale spectrum, which, in principle, can be infinite. As well as for large or small scales.
Nuestro Universo conocido (entre 10^-35 y 10^+27 metros) no es más que una franja del espectro total de escalas del Universo Global, que, en principio puede ser infinito, tanto para las escalas positivas como para las negativas.IBPS Consultinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11112631113732524666noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-783534780590212053.post-30449313619932290952012-11-30T01:42:00.000+01:002014-03-31T22:26:14.291+02:00THE “ MATRYOSHKA-VERSE ” <br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #003300; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">THE </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #003300; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">“ MATRYOSHKA-</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #003300; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">VERSE </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #003300; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">”</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #003300; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #003300; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">(m-dimension@hotmail.com, 2012)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">ABSTRACT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #ccffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Our known Universe</span></b></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #ccffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hpsatn">(between </span>10<span class="hps">^-35 & 10^+<st1:metricconverter productid="27 meters" w:st="on">27 meters</st1:metricconverter>)</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">small <span class="hps">band within the total</span> <span class="hps">Global</span>
<span class="hps">Universe scale spectrum</span></b>, <span class="hps">which, in
principle,</span> <span class="hps">can be infinite</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #ccffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Our Universe</span></b></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #ccffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"bubble"</b></span> else <span class="hps">of the many</span> <span class="hps">that exist in</span> <span class="hps">a larger scale than</span> <span class="hps">ours,</span> <span class="hps">within the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Global</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Universe</span></b>, <span class="hpsalt-edited">and
which also had</span> <span class="hps">their own</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Bang</span></b> <span class="hps">at different times</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #ccffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Although </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="color: #ccffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">the</span></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #ccffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Underlying</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> F<span class="hps">undamental Laws</span></b><span class="hps"> are the same for</span> <span class="hps">all spectra</span> <span class="hps">and</span><span class="hpsalt-edited"> ranges of the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Global</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Universe</span></b>, <span class="hps">they manifest</span> <span class="hps">differently</span> <span class="hps">through them</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="color: #ccffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">For the different</span></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #ccffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">bands of</span>
<span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">spectrum</span> <span class="hps">of
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3D Rainbow</b></span> <span class="hps">may dominate</span> <span class="hps">different</span> <span class="hps">stimuli
and</span> <span class="hps">waves</span>, <span class="hps">different</span> <span class="hps">fields</span> <span class="hps">and forces.</span> <span class="hps">And</span>
<span class="hpsalt-edited">can be formed</span> <span class="hps">different</span>
<span class="hps">entities</span> <span class="hps">and bodies.</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Parallel Universes</b></span> <span class="hps">can</span> <span class="hps">coexist</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">different</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Scale
Levels</b></span> (</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #ccffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Also within the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Planck Volume).<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span class="hpsalt-edited"><span lang="EN" style="color: #ccffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Different</span></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #ccffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">l<span class="hps">evels</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">scales</span></b>
<span class="hps">can be considered</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Physical Open Systems</b></span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">this would mean</span> <span class="hps">that there could be</span> <span class="hps">an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exchange</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">of energy between them</span></b>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #ccffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: lime;"><u>A FANTASTIC VOYAGE</u></span> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Everyone has
present the movie <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"Fantastic
Voyage"</b> (based on the novel by Isaac Asimov, 1966) which reduces the
size of a submarine (Proteus) and crews to be introduced into the blood
circulatory system of a person so they can correct the condition that it has (blood
clot in the brain).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The film has
good scientific basis as always Isaac Asimov do, but also has some important conceptual
errors, both from the standpoint of medicine / biology, and physics / mechanics:
Circulation of the submarine in the blood (difference of the blood and water
density, visibility,..).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">But possibly
the most obvious paradox, and possibly the least understand by the reader /
viewer is that, by the fact of reducing a person's body is supposed to also
reduce the component parts of the same way (cells, molecules, atoms, protons,
...). How it is possible that equivalent elements (Ex: water molecule) can
coexist in the same system with different dimensions (up to 10 exp 5: 100,000
times)?. How the intruder would fit within the universe tiny that has been
implanted?. What laws of physics / chemical / biological would be applicable
(micro, macro, or a combination of both), and How they interact with each
other?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This is what
we could call <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Systems Theory</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Spatial Scales</b> (xyz Dimensions).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In physics
and engineering there is also the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Theory
of Scale Models</b> (to test prototypes at small scales), to simulate the behavior
of certain variables from the starting parameters, to latter extrapolated to
the actual dimensions and establishing the corresponding model-prototype similarity
(Geometric, Kinematics and Dynamics) between real and scale models (whose
relations are always different from one).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: lime;"><u>THE NEW CONCEPT OF THE GLOBAL UNIVERSE<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Even with
their errors and paradoxes, this book / movie gives us an idea of what could
be traveling between different scales (powers of 10) of the space dimensions
(XYZ). This is what we might call <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"Matryoshka
Travels" </b>in reference to the famous "Russian Dolls" called
Matryoshka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Likewise, we
also evidence the difficulty and strangeness of these trips to smaller scales
(Powers negative: cells, molecules, ...), where we cannot travel otherwise than
by making as small as the size of the scale where we want to travel . For this
film the reduction is 100,000 times, but if we move to the scale of the electrons,
we would have to reduce our size 1,000,000,000,000 times (10 exp -18).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Instead
travel to larger scales (Positive Powers: galaxy, universe, ...) always we
imagine without having to change the scale or dimension. It is assumed that a spacecraft
is used (inter-stellar or inter-galactic) and we move at high speeds (maximum
speed of light). But we never imagine to travel there making larger (increasing)
our size as well as we do in the case of travel to the small.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">If we make
this effort and we made this change of mind (although the concept itself is not
scientifically feasible) we can visualize what could be a new concept / image
of the Global Universe: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3D Rainbow</b>
or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Matryoshka” Dolls.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Usually,
when we conceive beings from other worlds (other stars, galaxies or universes),
we imagine them in a human scale. Or, what is the same, coming from the same
spatial scale that we (humans) are. But we never imagine them coming from other
different spatial scale (major or minor) to ours. Then in the event that they
were very different, we would impede viewing or perceived them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: lime;"><u>THE SCALES OF THE UNIVERSE<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">It is normal
to visualize the different scales of the known universe in powers of 10 and taking
as a base measure meter (see table below): <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">• <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Negative Powers</b>: For smaller scales (till
10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 meters" w:st="on">-35 meters</st1:metricconverter>
for the "strings"). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">• <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Positive Powers</b>: For larger scales (till
10 exp+<st1:metricconverter productid="35 meters" w:st="on">35 meters</st1:metricconverter>
for "multiverses").<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">See link: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.microsiervos.com/archivo/ciencia/escala-universo-interactiva.html<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This give us
a Global Universe compound or divided into different zones (bands, stripes,
levels, spectra, ranges, ...) that form the different space scales of the
universe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Based on a
scale of one meter (this is the power 10 exp 0), as we increase the exponent of
10 positive (1,2, ...., n), we will show larger sizes (10 exp 3 is <st1:metricconverter productid="1 km" w:st="on">1 km</st1:metricconverter> , 10 exp 9 is a million km,
and 10 exp 16 is a light-year, the distance light travels in one year).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Some
dimensions of reference (m exp 10):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Concept<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Exp<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Discovery<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Man<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Earth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">II</span></st1:city><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <st1:state w:st="on">BC</st1:state></span></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> (Eratosthenes
measured diameter)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Solar System<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">XVI (Galileo & Kepler)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Galaxy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">XVIII (Herschel)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: purple;">Universe<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK2"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK1"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;">(T</span></i></b></span></a><span style="color: purple;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span class="hpsalt-edited"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">he
farthest</span></i></b></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">detected)</span></i></b></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: purple;">27<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: purple;">XX
(Big-Bang of George Gamow)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Multiverse<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35 (¿)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">XXI (to prove
and see)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">If instead,
we make powers 10 negative, we will define measures under (10 exp -3 is a millimeter,
10 exp -9 is a nanometer and 10 exp -35 is the Planck Unit).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Some
dimensions of reference (m exp 10):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: purple;">
</span><span style="color: purple;">
</span><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; margin: auto auto auto 49.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: silver; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Concept<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Exp<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Discovery<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Man<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Cell / red blood cell<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">-6/7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">XVII (Robert Hooke)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">DNA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">-9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">1953
(Francis Compton-James Dewey)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Water Molecule<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">-10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">XIX (Amadeo Avogadro)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: purple;">Protón<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: purple;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;">(T</span></i></b><span class="hpsalt-edited"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">he smallest</span></i></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">detected)</span></i></b></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: purple;">-15<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: purple;">1919 (Ernest Rutherford</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Electrón/ Quark<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">-18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">1897 (JJ
Thomson) &1950 (M.Gell-Mann)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Neutrino<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">-24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1930 (<a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wolfgang Pauli</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">String<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">-35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Siglo XXI
(to prove and see)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Knowledge of
the composition and the laws governing the various levels of scales (both
positive and negative) has been discovered through the ages (Ages History) as scientific
and technological advances. The advances in large (classical physics) have been
produced earlier by the ease of being observed (for the last five centuries),
while the small (quantum physics) have occurred mostly during the last century.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: lime;"><u>THE GLOBAL UNIVERSE AREAS / BANDS</u></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In each of
these areas / zones (bands, stripes, levels, spectra, ranges,...)<span style="color: red;"> </span>are supposed to act or apply (in a greater or lesser extent)
some physical laws. These laws that would make that the elements and form
structures coexist with a certain harmony and logic, as it does in our own area
or stretch of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our Universe</b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">We could say
that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our Universe</b> covers scales from
10 exp -35 (length or Planck scale, the smallest allowed by the current physics
models due to the emergence of quantum gravity effects) to 10 exp +<st1:metricconverter productid="27 meters" w:st="on">27 meters</st1:metricconverter> (which is
longer than is considered is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our
Universe</b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The visual
or graphical observation of these elements (both positive and negative scales)
requires optical magnification systems or other wave detection systems:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Telescope </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">(optical, x-ray, infrared,…)
for the observation of large bodies to long distances (electromagnetic
waves). </span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">most distant objects</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">have been detected</span> <span class="hps">are</span> <span class="hps">13,000</span> <span class="hps">million light years</span> <span class="hps">(10</span> <span class="hps">^</span> <span class="hps">+<st1:metricconverter productid="25 meters" w:st="on">25 meters</st1:metricconverter>)</span>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Microscopes </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">(optical, electronic, nuclear, ...)
for the observation of small bodies at very short distances.</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><u> </u></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Smaller
objects</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">have
been detected</span> <span class="hps">are 10</span> <span class="hps">^ <st1:metricconverter productid="-15 meters" w:st="on">-15 meters</st1:metricconverter>.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In both
cases, further the ability to increase (produced by the lens), one of the
factors that hinder their vision is the lack of light (or other waves) as we
increase the scale of vision.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In both cases,
it is required high power glasses, and increased sophistication of technology or
a long exposure to capture light (electromagnetic wave) needs to be viewed or
recorded. And even in some cases requires the use of other wave detection systems
(Telescope: X-ray, infrared,... and Microscope: electrons, forces, ...) to
better detect these bodies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">It is like if
to move away within this <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3D-Rainbow</b>
(both positive and negative) from our reference range/strip, we ran out of the
stimulus (waves) that requires humans to observe or record a form or body. It's
the same that occur when we move in one of the spatial dimensions (XYZ) ,that it
is becoming smaller and blurred the body or form that we move away.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">From our
point of observation, we are in the center of our spectrum or band of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universe Global</b> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our Universe</b>), in that as the size or scale of the bodies and
entities move away from us, we find it more difficult to observe and detection.
And whose boundaries have been extended through time, as that science and
technology have progressed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">an interview with</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eduardo</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Punset</span></b> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">renowned</span>
<span class="hps">astronomer and</span> <span class="hps">physicist</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stuart</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Clark</span></b> <span class="hps">(2012)</span>, <span class="hpsalt-edited">this last</span> <span class="hps">commented</span>: <span class="hpsatn"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">... <span class="hps">Our</span> <span class="hps">species is</span> <span class="hps">halfway
between</span> <span class="hps">the largest structures</span> <span class="hps">and</span>
<span class="hps">the smallest</span> <span class="hps">of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universe</b> and</span> <span class="hps">we are very fortunate</span> <span class="hps">because</span> <span class="hps">it</span> <span class="hps">serves</span>
<span class="hps">as a platform</span> <span class="hps">to observe</span> <span class="hps">the universe</span> <span class="hps">in all its dimensions</span> <span class="hps">...</span><span class="hpsatn">"</span>.</i> <span class="hps"><u>According
to the theory</u></span><u> <span class="hps">proposed in this</span> <span class="hps">article</span> <span class="hps">should</span> <span class="hps">be</span>
<span class="hps">this statement</span> </u><span class="hps">:</span> <span class="hpsatn"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">... <span class="hps">Our</span> <span class="hps">species is</span> <span class="hps">halfway between</span> <span class="hps">the largest structures</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">the smallest</span> <span class="hps">of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Known Universe</b></span> <span class="hps">because from the</span> <span class="hps">reference</span> <span class="hps">spectrum</span> <span class="hps">scale</span>
<span class="hps">where we are</span>, <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">what
our technology</span> <span class="hps">and expertise</span> <span class="hps">allows
us to</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">see and understand</span>. <span class="hps">But it is very</span> <span class="hps">possible that in</span> <span class="hps">the future</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">this range</span> <span class="hps">will be widened</span> <span class="hps">in both directions and</span> <span class="hps">will allow us to</span> <span class="hps">see and understand</span> <span class="hps">the universe in</span> <span class="hps">broader</span> <span class="hps">dimensions...</span> <span class="hpsatn">"</span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: lime;"><u>OTHER UNIVERSES WITHIN OTHER SPACE SCALES<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">For
centuries humanity has been assumed that the universe was Earth (flat or not)
and Sky (with stars and planets) going around. The Earth was the center of the Universe
on which revolved the other bodies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Something
similar happens to us now where we assume that the area (stripe, level, range,
scale, ...) where we are within the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Global
Universe</b> is the only real, but there may be other universes in other areas within
this <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3D-Rainbow</b> that will have their
own physical laws, and other types of forms or bodies, and even, why not, other
living things.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">If we can imagine
(as an allegory) that an electron is the equivalent to the Earth revolving
around the nucleus of an atom, like do the Earth around the Sun. How we would
see our universe if we lived in this electron? We would imagine that we are
part of another body or entity? As much as we travel with a spacecraft of this scale
(10 exp -20), it would be very difficult for us to observe the entity that we
belong to. And also it would be very difficult to receive the waves to display
or capture the required information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Possibly at
this scale (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">negative powers</b>), the
waves are much smaller (both in frequency and scope) and undetectable to us
now. These waves are what we would be able to detect if we were living in an
electron, and of course, the waves we mean by light (electromagnetic</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">optical
spectrum) would be undetectable for us and the instruments that we would have
in these dimensions (10 exp -20).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">On this scale</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">negative powers</span> <span class="hps">prevail
the</span> <span class="hps">fields</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>forces) <span class="hps">weak and strong</span>, <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">the</span>
</span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">electromagnetic</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, while <span class="hps">the gravitational field has</span> <span class="hps">less influence</span>.
<span class="hps">And</span> <span class="hps">it works</span> <span class="hps">now</span>
<span class="hps">can be explained</span> <span class="hps">by</span> <span class="hps">of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quantum </b>physics model</span>
<span class="hps">and mathematical model</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Neumann</b></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">these scales</span> it <span class="hps">is an</span> <span class="hps">Universe</span>
<span class="hps">where</span> <span class="hps">coexist</span> <span class="hps">entities</span>
<span class="hpsalt-edited">such as photons</span>, <span class="hps">bosons</span>,
<span class="hps">graviton</span>, <span class="hps">neutrino</span>, <span class="hps">positron,</span> <span class="hps">etc.</span>. <span class="hps">And</span>
<span class="hps">there is</span> <span class="hps">a duality</span> <span class="hps">between waves and particles</span>. <span class="hps">And the matter</span>,
<span class="hps">as we know</span>, <span class="hps">becomes meaningless</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps">And</span> <span class="hps">the
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Uncertainty Principle</b></span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>Heisenberg) <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">its
essence</span> <span class="hps">more representative</span> <span class="hps">(at
least</span> <span class="hps">seen</span> <span class="hps">from</span> <span class="hps">our scale</span>).</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The new
theory </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Causal Dynamical Triangulation
(abbreviated as CDT) propose that space-time to be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">two dimensions</b></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>one <span class="hps">space</span> <span class="hps">and time)</span></span></b><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> near the Planck scale, and reveals a fractal structure on slices of constant
time. "Where</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">Dynamic</span> <span class="hps">selects a</span> <span class="hps">particular</span> <span class="hps">preferred</span>
<span class="hps">dimension</span> <span class="hps">between</span> <span class="hps">the three possible</span>. <span class="hps">This dimension</span> <span class="hps">would be</span> <span class="hps">given</span> <span class="hps">preferential</span>
<span class="hps">classically</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">then
it would</span> <span class="hps">randomly</span> <span class="hps">alternating</span>
<span class="hps">physical processes</span> <span class="hps">that are</span> <span class="hps">operating at</span> <span class="hps">those scales</span> <span class="hpsatn">"</span><span class="atn">(</span>Carlip, <span class="hps">2012)</span>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">For</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> the <span class="hps">civilization that</span>, hypothetically, <span class="hps">could be</span>
<span class="hps">on these negative</span> <span class="hps">scales</span>, <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the time scale</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">could also be</span> <span class="hps">very</span> <span class="hps">different </span></b><span class="hps">from</span>
<span class="hps">our</span> <span class="hps">reference scale</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">our</span> <span class="hps">human scale</span>.
<span class="hps">Possibly</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">the emergence</span> <span class="hps">and end of a</span> <span class="hps">race or</span> <span class="hps">civilization</span>
<span class="hps">on a scale</span> <span class="hps">10 ^</span> <st1:metricconverter productid="-20 meters" w:st="on"><span class="hps">-20 meters</span></st1:metricconverter>
<span class="hps">would take</span> <span class="hps">time proportional</span> <span class="hps">equivalent of</span> <span class="hps">our scale</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>For example, <span class="hps">the human race</span>: <span class="hps">10 ^</span> <span class="hps">-20 x</span> <span class="hps">100,000
years</span> <span class="hps">= 10</span> <span class="hps">^</span> <span class="hps">-15 years</span> <span class="hps">= 10</span> <span class="hps">^</span>
<span class="hps">-8 seconds</span> <span class="hps">=</span> <span class="hps">10
nanoseconds</span>).</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Likewise, we
can extrapolate this experience to large scales (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">positive powers</b>). Imagine (as an allegory) that a galaxy is a type
of cell (neuron) of a Superior Entity, and that the interaction between these type
of neurons (Galaxies) with other galaxies (neurons) make a thought (set of
bits) of this Superior Entity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">At this scale</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">positive powers,</span> <span class="hps">prevail</span>
the <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gravitational</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">electromagnetic</span></b> <span class="hps">fields</span> <span class="hps">(forces)</span>, <span class="hps">and the influence of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">strong and</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">weak</span></b> <span class="hps">fields</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>strength) <span class="hps">are less</span>, <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">practically zero.</span> <span class="hps">And</span>
<span class="hpsalt-edited">its functioning</span> <span class="hps">currently</span>
<span class="hps">can be explained</span> <span class="hps">by</span> <span class="hps">the physical models</span> <span class="hps">of the</span> <span class="hps">Theory of Relativity</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Special and General Relativity</b> <span class="hps">by Albert</span> <span class="hps">Einstein</span>) <span class="hps">and
mathematical models</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Riemann</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">At</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">these scales,</span> there <span class="hps">coexist</span> <span class="hps">entities as</span> black holes, <span class="hps">galaxies</span>, <span class="hps">nebulae</span>, <span class="hps">etc.</span>. <span class="hps">And</span>
<span class="hps">there is</span> <span class="hps">a duality</span> <span class="hps">between matter</span> <span class="hps">and energy,</span> and between <span class="hps">space and time</span>. <span class="hps">And</span> <span class="hps">the
speed of</span> <span class="hps">light as</span> <span class="hps">a constant and</span>
<span class="hps">a limit</span> <span class="hps">of our universe</span>, <span class="hpsalt-edited">takes</span> <span class="hps">all</span> <span class="hps">its
prominence</span>. <span class="hps">And</span> <span class="hps">there</span> <span class="hps">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Theory of</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big Bang</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Isotropic</span> <span class="hps">Expansion</span></b> <span class="hps">of our universe</span> <span class="hps">are</span> <span class="hps">its essence</span> <span class="hps">more
representative</span> <span class="hps">(at least</span> <span class="hps">seen</span>
<span class="hps">from</span> <span class="hps">our scale</span>).</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">For</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> the <span class="hps">civilization that</span>, hypothetically, <span class="hps">could be</span>
<span class="hps">on these positive</span> <span class="hps">scales</span>, <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the time scale</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">could also be</span> <span class="hps">very</span> <span class="hps">different </span></b><span class="hps">from</span>
<span class="hps">our</span> <span class="hps">reference scale</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">our</span> <span class="hps">human scale</span>.
<span class="hps">Possibly</span> <span class="hps">transmitting a</span> <span class="hps">stimulus</span> <span class="hps">between</span> <span class="hps">a</span>
<span class="hps">neuron</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>Galaxy) to another <span class="hps">neuron</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>Galaxy) <span class="hps">on a
scale</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">10</span> ^<span class="hps">+<st1:metricconverter productid="20 meters" w:st="on">20 meters</st1:metricconverter></span>
<span class="hps">will </span><span class="hpsalt-edited">last for a</span> <span class="hps">proportional</span> <span class="hps">time</span> <span class="hps">equivalent
to</span> <span class="hps">our scale</span> <span class="hps">(10</span> ^<span class="hps">+20</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps">x</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps">1</span> <span class="hps">microsecond</span>
<span class="hps">= 10</span> <span class="hps">+14</span> <span class="hps">seconds
=</span> <span class="hps">10 ^</span> <span class="hps">+7</span> <span class="hps">years
=</span> <span class="hps">10 million years</span>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">To an
observer who was in either of these two scales (electron or macro-neuron), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">His Universe</b> would be another. And it
would cover other spectra or bands of the Global Universe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hpsalt-edited"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">At</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">these spectra</span> of <span class="hps">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3D Rainbow</b></span>, <span class="hps">as we have seen</span>, <span class="hpsalt-edited">govern</span> <span class="hps">other</span> <span class="hps">models
and</span> <span class="hps">patterns</span>, as well as <span class="hps">other
waves</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">stimuli</span>, <span class="hps">other fields and</span> <span class="hps">forces</span>, <span class="hps">other</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">entities</span> <span class="hps">and bodies.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">If</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">we refer to</span> <span class="hps">the allegory</span> <span class="hps">of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3D Rainbow</b></span>,
we could say <span class="hps">that the universe</span> <span class="hps">of the
electron</span> <span class="hps">would be in the</span> <span class="hpsatn"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blue spectrum",</b> <span class="hps">while</span> <span class="hps">the
neuron</span> universe <span class="hps">would be in the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hpsatn">"</span>yellow <span class="hps">spectrum</span>"</b>, while <span class="hps">Our Universe would
be</span> <span class="hps">in the middle</span>, <span class="hps">in the</span> <span class="hpsatn"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">green <span class="hps">spectrum</span>".</b></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The latter</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">would be our</span> <span class="hps">band</span>, <span class="hps">which</span>
<span class="hps">is easily explained</span> <span class="hps">by</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">mathematical and physical models</span> <span class="hps">of <st1:city w:st="on">Euclid</st1:city></span>, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="hps">Newton</span></st1:place></st1:city> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Maxwell</span>. <span class="hps">Where
everything</span> <span class="hps">seems normal and</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">takes</span> <span class="hps">logical</span> <span class="hps">sense</span>. <span class="hps">Where</span> <span class="hps">our brain</span>
<span class="hps">and our senses</span> <span class="hps">are comfortable</span>, <span class="hps">because they have evolved</span> <span class="hps">to survive</span> <span class="hps">in it</span>: <span style="color: yellow;"><span class="hpsatn"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"</b></span><span class="alt-edited1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Green Strip</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">or Spectrum</span>"</b>.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: lime;"><u>OUR UNIVERSE IS A VIRTUAL MODEL<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">As that
happened to our ancestors, we are slaves of the information we receive through
the senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) and we process this
information according to the knowledge we have.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The universe
as we know or perceive is a virtual model (illusion) that shapes our brain from
the stimuli we receive from him through our senses (sight, hearing, smell,
taste and touch). These senses have developed and evolved through natural
selection for survival as the stimuli that exist in our universe
(electromagnetic waves, pressure waves, ...) as well as in other animals have
developed other ways as other stimuli (ultrasound waves, ...).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">We could
imagine entities (some already exist) that have organs (senses) sensitive to
other stimuli such as X-rays, infrared or ultraviolet rays, radio waves, etc..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">But it seems
clear that the stimuli may be different in each zone or area of the
M-Dimension. There will be the same stimuli (waves, ...) at quantum scales
(<10 -10="-10" at="at" exp="exp" large="large" scales="scales" that="that"> 10 exp +10). And they will be more
different to much further scales from our universe (scales smaller than 10 exp
-50 and greater than 10 exp +50). Although these scales are difficult to
assimilate for us, and possibly they will be not feasible, according to current
scientific and physical models.<o:p></o:p><!--10--></10></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">On the other
hand, if we consider that an atom measured on average 1 Ångstrong (1 Å = 10
exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-10 meters" w:st="on">-10 meters</st1:metricconverter>)
and the nucleus is 10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-14 meters" w:st="on">-14
meters</st1:metricconverter>, means that the nucleus of an atom (where there
it is the mass of the atom) has a diameter 10,000 times smaller than the atom
itself. If the atom had a diameter of <st1:metricconverter productid="100 meters" w:st="on">100 meters</st1:metricconverter> (a football
field) the nucleus would measure <st1:metricconverter productid="1 centimeter" w:st="on">1 centimeter</st1:metricconverter> (a button). Put another way, in an
atom fits 10,000,000 (10 exp 7) nucleus. So that for every 1 volume of mass is
10,000,000 vacuum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Therefore,
what we perceive or recognize as forms of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Matter</u></b>
in the Universe (bodies) as a stimulus of the sense of touch, are but forms
nearly empty (with a mass per volume of 10,000,000 of vacuum), but with
electrical charges (positive and negative), which are what really give us the
sensation (touch) consistency of the bodies or different states of matter
(solid, liquid and gas). These are the electrical charges that prevent solid
objects transferred. If we can neutralize the electrical charges of a body
(ball), this could, with varying degrees of difficulty, pass another solid
(walls).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">And, if we
consider that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Colors</u></b>,
which are what allow us to visualize and get a spatial composition of the forms
of the universe around us (using the sense of sight), there are only electromagnetic
waves ranging from red (700 nm = 7 10 exp -7) to violet (400 nm = 4 10 exp -7),
which are produced by altering the orbits of electrons in molecules by
excitation of photons colliding with them. If they do not photons (light) waves
are not issued and do not see the body. According to the molecule, there are
different waves giving different colors we see. All this reflects a somewhat
virtual universe in which we live, and we do a composition according to the
stimuli we receive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">All this</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">reflects</span> <span class="hps">a somewhat</span> <span class="hps">virtual</span>
<span class="hps">universe</span> <span class="hps">in which we live</span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">we</span> <span class="hps">do</span> <span class="hps">a composition according to</span> <span class="hps">the stimuli</span> <span class="hps">we receive.</span> <span class="hps">It's very similar</span> <span class="hps">to what might</span> <span class="hps">be</span> <span class="hps">a
computer program</span>, similar <span class="hpsatn">to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Second
Life"</b> or any <span class="hps">3D virtual</span> <span class="hps">game</span>.
<span class="hps">Where</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">the
smallest</span> <span class="hps">we find the</span> <span class="hpsatn"><u>"</u></span><u>pixels"
</u><span class="hps">of light</span> <span class="hps">(the smaller</span> <span class="hps">they are</span>, the higher <span class="hps">definition quality</span>),
<span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">the biggest thing</span> <span class="hps">we have</span> <span class="hps">to define</span> <span class="hps"><u>loops</u></span>
<span class="hps">establishing</span> <span class="hps">limits</span> <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">the user does not</span> <span class="hps">notice
them</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Extraordinary</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">is the</span> <span class="hps">scene from the movie</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"Level</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">13"</span></b> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>directed by <span class="hps">Josef</span> <span class="hps">Rusnak</span>
<span class="hps">in 1999</span>) <span class="hps">in which</span> <span class="hps">the protagonist</span> <span class="hps">discovers that he</span> <span class="hps">is in a</span> <span class="hps">virtual</span> <span class="hps">computer</span>
<span class="hps">program</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: lime;"><u><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">FUNDAMENTAL</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">LAWS</span> <span class="hps">MANIFEST THEMSELVES</span> <span class="hps">DIFFERENTLY THROUGH</span>
THE <span class="hps">3D</span> <span class="hps">RAINBOW<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></u></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">We are pure energy properly conjoined and harmonized </span></u></b><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">by</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> the F<span class="hps">undamental physical</span> <span class="hps">principles and laws</span> <span class="hps">underlying the</span> <span class="hps">universe</span>. <span class="hps">But</span> <span class="hps">these
laws</span> <span class="hps">are manifested</span> <span class="hps">differently</span>
<span class="hps">across</span> <span class="hps">the different</span> <span class="hps">spectra</span> <span class="hps">of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3D Rainbow</b></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Different</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">force fields</span> <span class="hps">known</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>weak,
strong, <span class="hps">electromagnetic and</span> <span class="hps">gravity</span>)
govern <span class="hps">differently</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">across
these</span> <span class="hps">spectra</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">or zones</span>
<span class="hpsatn">(</span>scale) <span class="hps">of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3D Rainbow</b></span>. <span class="hps">This has</span> <span class="hps">forced
to use</span> <span class="hps">different models and</span> <span class="hps">patterns</span>
<span class="hps">so that we can</span> <span class="hps">explain</span> <span class="hps">and interpret them</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>Classical, <span class="hps">Quantum</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Relativistic</span>
<span class="hps">Physics and mathematics</span> <span class="hps">of Euclid</span>,
<span class="hps">Neumann</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Riemann</span>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">We can accept</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">or agree</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fundamental and Underlying Laws</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">of the Global Universe</span></b>
<span class="hps">are</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>or <span class="hps">can</span>
<span class="hps">be</span>) <span class="hps">the same for</span> <span class="hps">all
spectra</span> <span class="hps">and stripes</span>, <span class="hps">although
they</span> <span class="hps">manifest themselves</span> <span class="hps">differently</span>
<span class="hps">through them</span>. <span class="hps">Thus,</span> <span class="hps">these manifestations of</span> <span class="hps">the physical laws of</span>
<span class="hps">the different levels</span> <span class="hps">are not</span> <span class="hps">independent of each other</span>, <span class="hps">but rather</span> <span class="hps">dependent and</span> <span class="hps">consistent</span> <span class="hps">with each</span> <span class="hps">other</span>, so <span class="hpsalt-edited">that may be established</span> <span class="hps">models and</span>
<span class="hps">theories</span> <span class="hps">that encompass</span> <span class="hps">several</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">zones</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">or spectrums</span>, <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hps">Quantum Mechanics</span>, <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">Theory
of Relativity</span>, <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">lately <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">M-Theory</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">And these
areas may even be (in some bands or scales) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">parallel universes</b> with their fields, waves, stimuli, forms, beings
(living or not), just as you would for a universe of three dimensions (X, Y and
time) if appear the Fourth Dimension (Z). Assuming a sheet of a book like this
in the Flat (3D) Universe entities that move across its surface XY, every leaf
of a book could be a different flat universe (parallel universes), and could be
as many universes as leaves .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">If we see
the diagram represent the different spectra (bands, zones, levels, ...) from
the scale 10 exp -1000 to 10 exp +<st1:metricconverter productid="1000 in" w:st="on">1000 in</st1:metricconverter> intervals of 10 exp 100, we can get an
idea of how big the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Global Universe</b>
can be compared to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our Universe</b> (known
one) that moves only in the central strip (10 exp -50 to 10 +50) which, at
best, really get to know or intuit from 10 exp -35 (strings) to 10 exp +35 (multi-universes).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Clearly</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">these concepts</span> <span class="hps">are not limited</span> <span class="hps">just</span> <span class="hps">to these</span> <span class="hps">borders</span>.
<span class="hps">But these</span> <span class="hps">bands</span> <span class="hps">or</span>
<span class="hps">spectra</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">colors
should</span> <span class="hps">be</span> <span class="hps">understood that they</span>
<span class="hps">change</span> <span class="hps">in a gradual</span> way <span class="hpsatn">(</span><u>like the colors <span class="hps">of the rainbow</span></u>)
<span class="hpsalt-edited">and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unbounded</b></span>.
<span class="hps">Where</span> <span class="hps">there may be</span> <span class="hps">some</span> <span class="hps">effects</span> <span class="hps">that only</span>
<span class="hps">cover a</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">part of a strip</span>
<span class="hpsatn">(</span>air <span class="hps">pressure waves</span>, <span class="hps">sea</span> <span class="hps">waves</span>, <span class="hps">...</span>),
<span class="hps">and other</span> <span class="hps">various levels</span> <span class="hps">(electromagnetic waves</span>, <span class="hps">gravitational field</span>,
<span class="hps">...</span>).</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">If this
proposal (about a Global Universe that consists of different spectral bands like
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3D-Rainbow</b>) was correct, then
there could be electromagnetic waves at other scales that currently would not
be detectable by our systems:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Both, <u>large levels</u> (eg.
on scales of 10 exp +<st1:metricconverter productid="100 meters" w:st="on">100
meters</st1:metricconverter>), which surely would be constantly going
through Our Universe, although we could not detect them (or yes we could?).</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u> E</u></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">lectromagnetic waves</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> of
<span class="hps">10</span> <span class="hps">^</span> <span class="hps">+<st1:metricconverter productid="100 meters" w:st="on">100 meters</st1:metricconverter></span> <span class="hps">wavelength</span> <span class="hps">could</span> <span class="hps">be</span>
<span class="hps">passing through Our</span> <span class="hps">Universe</span>,
<span class="hps">undetectable</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">the tools and technologies</span> <span class="hps">currently
available</span>. <span class="hps">And</span>, <span class="hps">why not</span>
<span class="hps">10</span> <span class="hps">^</span> <span class="hps">+<st1:metricconverter productid="1000 meters" w:st="on">1000 meters</st1:metricconverter>?</span>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">As <u>small levels</u> (eg. exp
scales of 10 <st1:metricconverter productid="-100 meters" w:st="on">-100
meters</st1:metricconverter>), which, considering their high energy
levels, might have a very short range (within their own scale).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">As we have
mentioned above, at these scales also there could be another type of waves and
fields, which are currently completely unknown to us. And they would own to the
different physical models that would govern in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(Open) Physics System</b> of these scales.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hpsalt-edited"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">If the</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Scales Levels</b></span> <span class="hps">could be considered</span> as <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Open Physical Systems</b></span>, <span class="hps">it would mean that</span>
<span class="hps">there could be</span> <span class="hps">exchange</span> <span class="hps">of energy between them</span>. <span class="hps">Then</span>, <span class="hps">Our Known Universe</span>, <span class="hps">could absorb</span> <span class="hps">or lease</span> <span class="hps">energy from other</span> <span class="hps">scale levels </span>(<span class="hps">lower or higher)</span> <span class="hps">without contradicting</span> <span class="hps">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Second Law</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">of Thermodynamics</span></b> <span class="hpsatn"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">("E</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nergy can not
be <span class="hps">created or destroyed</span>, <span class="hps">only
transformed</span>"…</i> or it <span class="hpsalt-edited"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>change to another</u></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u> <span class="hps">level</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">Scale</span><span class="hps">
System</span><span class="hpsalt-edited"> </span>!!!</u></b>).</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: lime;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">THE LIMITS OF OUR UNIVERSE<o:p></o:p></span></b></u></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Although
scientists today are more open than before to accept or consider (at least not
easily reject) any proposal or theory out of the usual guidelines, there is
always some resistance to its acceptance, approval and distribution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Nowadays, to
be consistent with existing physical models, our universe has its limits within
this <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3D-Rainbow</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A lower limit</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">: the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Planck Scale</b> of
about 10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 meters" w:st="on">-35
meters</st1:metricconverter> (the estimated length of the superstring).
An expected lower dimension can not be treated adequately in current
physics models due to the emergence of quantum gravity effects.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A top limit:</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> the proper size of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our
Known Universe</b> about 10 exp +<st1:metricconverter productid="27 meters" w:st="on">27 meters</st1:metricconverter>.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">So our known
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Strip or Zone of the Universe Global</b>
has a total </span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">"scale</span></span><span class="shorttext"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">" </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">order of
magnitude</span></span><span class="shorttext"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">10
exp +62</b>, less than a Googol (10 exp 100).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">According to
the</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">currently</span> <span class="hps">accepted
scientific theories</span>, <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our Universe</b></span> <span class="hps">is considered</span> <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hps">a closed physical system</span> <span class="hps">and isotropically expanding.</span> <span class="hps">This leads</span>
<span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">inconsistency</span> <span class="hps">of
specifying</span> <span class="hps">a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dark
Energy</b></span> <span class="hps">to explain</span> <span class="hps">this
expansion,</span> <span class="hps">so</span> <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hps">to have to accept</span> <span class="hps">that the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">expansion rate</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span class="hps">may be <u>higher than</u></span><u>
<span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">speed</span> <span class="hps">of
light</span></u><span class="hps">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Possibly</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, <span class="hps">if we consider</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our Universe</b> as</span> <span class="hps">an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Open</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Physical
System</span></b> <span class="hps">whether</span> <span class="hps">these
inconsistencies</span> <span class="hps">could</span> be solved <span class="hpsatn">(</span>¿).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="border: 2.25pt solid windowtext; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">I</span></i></b></span></span><span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">sotropic</span></i></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">Expansion</span></span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">is easily understood</span> <span class="hps">if we think of</span> <span class="hps">4 coins</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>A, <span class="hps">B</span>,
<span class="hps">C</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">D</span>)
spaced <st1:metricconverter productid="5 cm" w:st="on"><span class="hps">5 cm</span></st1:metricconverter>,
which <span class="hps">every 10 seconds</span> <span class="hps">we separated</span>
<st1:metricconverter productid="5 cm" w:st="on"><span class="hps">5 cm</span></st1:metricconverter>.
<span class="hps">At the initial instant</span> <span class="hps">of separation</span>
<span class="hps">between A</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">D</span>
<span class="hps">would be <st1:metricconverter productid="20 cm" w:st="on">20 cm</st1:metricconverter>.</span>
<span class="hps">But after</span> <span class="hps">1 minute they</span> <span class="hps">would be</span> <st1:metricconverter productid="240 cm" w:st="on"><span class="hps">240 cm</span></st1:metricconverter><span class="hps">,</span> <span class="hps">while the speed</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">separation</span>
<span class="hps">between them is</span> <span class="hps">only <st1:metricconverter productid="30 cm" w:st="on">30 cm</st1:metricconverter></span> <span class="hps">per
minute</span>. <span class="hps">If we imagine</span> <span class="hps">this</span>
<span class="hps">idea considering</span> <span class="hps">the magnitudes of</span>
<span class="hps">many stars</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">galaxies</span>
<span class="hps">in the Universe</span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">separation</span> <span class="hps">speeds</span>,
<span class="hps">you can</span> <span class="hps">understand why</span> <span class="hps">it is assumed that</span> <span class="hps">the overall rate of</span> <span class="hps">expansion of the universe</span> <span class="hps">can exceed</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">speed of light</span> <span class="hps">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">A property of the</span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Isotropic</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Expansion</span></b> <span class="hps">is that</span> <span class="hps">from
anywhere in the</span> <span class="hps">universe</span> <span class="hps">will see</span>
<span class="hps">objects</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>stars, <span class="hps">galaxies</span>,<span class="hps">...</span>) <span class="hps">are
distanced</span> <span class="hps">from us at a</span> <span class="hps">speed
proportional to the</span> <span class="hps">distance you</span> <span class="hps">are</span>
<span class="hps">away from</span> <span class="hps">us.</span> <span class="hps">Then</span>
<span class="hps">if we put</span> <span class="hps">a limit</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">the expansion rate</span> <span class="hps">(Eg</span>
<span class="hps">The speed</span> <span class="hps">of light)</span>, this implies
<span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">expansion</span>
<span class="hps">distance</span> <span class="hps">stop.</span> <span class="hps">If
we look</span> <span class="hps">from Earth</span> <span class="hps">in all
directions</span> <span class="hps">would have a</span> <span class="hps">border
where</span> <span class="hps">the expansion</span> <span class="hps">would stop</span>,
<span class="hpsatn">and we (</span>the Earth would be <span class="hps">in the center</span>).
<span class="hps">And this would be very</span> <span class="hps">strange</span> <span class="hps">and very</span> <span class="hps">casual</span>.</span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Hubble
Space Telescope detected during 2003 and 2004 the area known as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF),</b> which
displays what is believed to have been the first galaxies after the Big Bang,
and it is supposed to include more than 13,000 million light years away. So
they are the most distant objects ever observed by humans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">According to</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Theory of</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Isotropic</span> <span class="hps">Expansion</span> <span class="hps">of the Universe</span></b> <span class="hps">(which expands</span> <span class="hps">equally</span> <span class="hps">at
the same speed</span> <span class="hps">in all directions</span> <span class="hps">and</span>
<span class="hpsalt-edited">zones</span>), <u>there is no <span class="hps">center</span>
<span class="hps">of the universe</span></u> <span class="hps">which</span> <span class="hps">generated the</span> <span class="hps">Big</span> <span class="hps">Bang</span>,
<span class="hps">and <u>there are no</u></span><u> <span class="hps">limits</span></u>
<span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">external borders</span> of <span class="hps">Our Universe</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">What has been</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">seen</span> <span class="hps">in the</span> <span class="hps">HUDF</span>
<span class="hps">is supposed to</span> <span class="hps">also be seen</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">any</span> <span class="hps">direction you</span>
<span class="hps">look</span> <span class="hps">(in fact</span> <span class="hps">seems
to</span> <span class="hps">have been</span> <span class="hps">carried</span> <span class="hps">pictures of other</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">zones</span> <span class="hps">of the Universe with</span> <span class="hps">galaxies</span> <span class="hps">similar to the</span> <span class="hps">HUDF</span>). <span class="hps">So
the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">HUDF</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">not focus</span> <span class="hps">toward the</span> <span class="hps">center</span> <span class="hps">of
the universe</span> <span class="hps">or the point</span> <span class="hps">of the
Big Bang</span></b>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">It is</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">interesting to understand</span> <span class="hps">the difference</span>
<span class="hps">between <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our Universe</b></span>
<span class="hps">(known</span>) <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">our <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Observable Universe</b></span>. <span class="hps">Because the</span> <span class="hps">isotropic</span> <span class="hps">expansion</span>
<span class="hps">occurs at a</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">speed exceeding</span>
<span class="hps">the speed of light</span>, it is assumed <span class="hps">that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our Universe</b></span> <span class="hps">(known)</span>
<span class="hps">may have a diameter</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">90,000 million</span> <span class="hps">light years.</span> <span class="hps">While</span>, <span class="hpsalt-edited">such as</span> <span class="hps">occurred approximately</span> <span class="hps">14,000 million years</span>
<span class="hps">ago</span>, <span class="hps">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Observable Universe</b></span> <span class="hps">is a sphere</span> <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">a diameter</span> <span class="hps">of
28,000</span> <span class="hps">million light years</span>, <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>within our universe</u></b></span>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Furthermore,</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">according to current</span> <span class="hps">conventional</span> <span class="hps">physical theories</span>, Our
Universe <span class="hps">has no</span> <span class="hps">center, no</span> <span class="hps">boundaries</span>, no limits <span class="hps">outdoors.</span> <u>It <span class="hps">has not a</span> <span class="hps">particular</span> <span class="hps">3D</span>
<span class="hps">morphological form</span></u>. <span class="hps">At these scales</span>
<span class="hps">we</span> <span class="hps">talk about</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">forms of</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">4D</span> <span class="hps">space-time</span></b>,
<span class="hps">which</span> <span class="hps">make them difficult to</span> <span class="hps">assimilate</span> <span class="hps">us</span> <span class="hps">by our
brain</span>, <span class="hps">and only</span> <span class="hps">be modeled</span>
<span class="hps">mathematically</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>Friemann <span class="hps">Equations</span> <span class="hps">and </span><span class="hpsatn">"</span>Manifolds"
<span class="hps">Riemann</span>).</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">T</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">here</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> different <span class="hps">alternatives are</span> <span class="hps">possible</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span><span class="hps">space-time</span>
Universe <span class="hps">Flat</span>, Closed <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">Spherical</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">Open</span>
<span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">Hyperbolic</span>). <span class="hps">And</span>
<span class="hps">if</span> <span class="hps">the universe</span> <span class="hps">were
flat</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>that it <span class="hps">is the one that</span>
<span class="hps">is considered more</span> <span class="hps">feasible</span>), <span class="hps">the form</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">4D</span> <span class="hps">space-time</span> <span class="hps">of the universe</span> <span class="hps">could be a</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">4D <span class="hps">Möbius</span> <span class="hps">Toro</span></b> <span class="hps">or</span>
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">4D</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Klein</span> <span class="hps">bottle</span></b> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">they
are Closed Loop</span> <span class="hps">Systems</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>loop
<span class="hps">of space-time</span> <span class="hps">that prevents</span> <span class="hps">anything</span> <span class="hps">can come out</span> <span class="hps">of
this</span> <span class="hpsatn">"</span>4D volume" <span class="hps">of</span>
<span class="hps">space-time</span>). <span class="hps">It is neither</span> <span class="hps">more nor less than</span> <span class="hps">what we do</span> <span class="hps">to limit</span> <span class="hps">programs</span> <span class="hps">3D</span>
<span class="hps">computer games</span>, <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">never exceed</span> <span class="hps">their limits</span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">without realizing it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">One way to
understand</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">closed-loop</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">systems</span></b> <span class="hps">is our</span> <span class="hps">own planet</span> <span class="hps">(Earth</span>). <span class="hps">For
many</span> <span class="hps">centuries</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">thousands</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">of years humanity</span> <span class="hps">considered</span> that they <span class="hps">lived on a</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Flat Earth</b></span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>infinite <span class="hps">or not</span>, <span class="hps"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and where</span> <span class="hps">sea water</span>
<span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">poured by their</span> <span class="hps">limits</span>), <span class="hps">where</span> <span class="hps">the Sun,</span>
<span class="hps">Moon</span>, planets <span class="hps">and stars</span> <span class="hps">swirled</span> <span class="hps">around.</span> <span class="hps">Now</span>
<span class="hps">we know that</span> it <span class="hps">is spherical</span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">that if we walk</span> <span class="hps">straight
to direction</span> <span class="hps">we want,</span> <span class="hps">after</span>
<st1:metricconverter productid="40,000 km" w:st="on"><span class="hps">40,000 km</span></st1:metricconverter><span class="hps">, we come</span> <span class="hps">back</span> <span class="hps">to the
same place</span>. <span class="hps">This</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">closed loop of</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">2D</span> </b><span class="hps"><u>curved in 3D space</u></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hpsalt-edited">fact for which</span> <span class="hps">our known universe</span>
<span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">present in</span> <span class="hps">such
forms</span> <span class="hps">as complex</span> <span class="hps">4D</span> <span class="hps">and not as</span> <span class="hps">a sphere or</span>, at best, <span class="hps">as an</span> <span class="hps">irregular</span> <span class="hps">cloud</span>,
<span class="hps">is because</span> <span class="hps">it is considered that</span> <span class="hps">in these dimensions</span> <span class="hps"><u>the</u></span><u> <span class="hps">space-time</span> <span class="hps">collapses</span> <span class="hps">on
itself</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">due to the enormous</span> <span class="hps">force</span> <span class="hps">of gravity</span>.</u></span><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Despite</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">all this</span>, <span class="hps">who knows if</span> <span class="hps">someday
we could</span> <span class="hps">detect</span> <span class="hps">objects outside</span>
<span class="hps">of our universe</span>, <span class="hps">or even</span> <span class="hps">to escape</span> <span class="hps">this annoying</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">4D</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Closed Loop</span> <span class="hps">System</span></b> <span class="hps">in which we are</span>. <span class="hps">Although</span> <span class="hps">this Universe</span> <span class="hps">for
viewing</span> <span class="hps">from outside</span>, <span class="hps">possibly</span>
<span class="hps">our brain</span> <span class="hps">should be able to</span> <span class="hps">assimilate and understand</span> <span class="hps">4D</span> <span class="hps">forms</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Our brain</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>and <span class="hps">entire body</span>) <span class="hps">has</span>
<span class="hps">evolved to</span> <span class="hps">survive</span> <span class="hps">and understand</span> <span class="hps">the scale range</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">level</span> <span class="hps">in which we
live</span> <span class="hps">(at most</span> <span class="hps">10</span> <span class="hps">^-10 and</span> <span class="hps">10 ^+<st1:metricconverter productid="10 meters" w:st="on">10 meters</st1:metricconverter>, between</span>
<span class="hps">the molecules</span> <span class="hps">and the solar system</span>).
<span class="hps">To understand the</span> <span class="hps">upper and lower</span>
<span class="hps">scales</span> it <span class="hps">should</span> <span class="hps">make
an extra effort</span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">rely</span> <span class="hps">on mathematical models</span>, which <span class="hps">are sometimes,</span>
<span class="hps">completely</span> <span class="hps">impossible</span> <span class="hps">to understand by our brain</span>. <span class="hps"><u>Are the</u></span><u>
<span class="hps">scales between 10</span> <span class="hps">^</span> <span class="hps">-30 to 10</span> <span class="hps">^</span> <span class="hps">+ 30</span>
the <span class="hps">limits that</span> <span class="hps">our brain</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">able to assimilate</span>?<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">To better
understand</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">what</span> <span class="hps">has</span> <span class="hps">been said we can</span> <span class="hps">take the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">example</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">of an ant</span></b>. <span class="hpsalt-edited">Is its</span> <span class="hps">brain ready to</span> <span class="hps">understand that</span> <span class="hps">the Earth is round</span>? <span class="hps">And what is</span> it <span class="hpsalt-edited">understanding</span> <span class="hps">when a human</span> <span class="hps">touches it</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">prevents
the passage</span>? <span class="hps">For it</span> <span class="hps">this will be</span>
<span class="hps">considered</span> <span class="hps">a phenomenon</span> <span class="hps">of nature</span>, <span class="hps">like an earthquake</span> <span class="hps">or hurricane</span>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">It has long
been considered many nebulae and galaxies visible to the naked eye as simple
stars or nebulae, respectively, until the instruments allowed us to discern,
and detected many galaxies. Currently it is believed that there are so many
galaxies (10 exp 11) and stars (10 exp 11) in our galaxy (Milky Way).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Who knows</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">if one day</span>, <span class="hps">we might be</span> <span class="hps">able to detect</span> <span class="hps">other objects</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">universes</span> <span class="hps">outside
the boundaries</span> <span class="hps">or horizons</span> <span class="hps">of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our Universe</b></span>. <span class="hps">Or</span>
<span class="hps">we detect</span> <span class="hps">waves or any other</span> <span class="hps">type of</span> <span class="hps">stimuli</span>, which <span class="hps">came
from</span> <span class="hps">outside our universe</span>, <span class="hps">and</span>
<span class="hps">out of this</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Closed Labyrinth</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">4D</span></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span class="hps"><u><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">It would be</span></u></span><u><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">absurd to think that</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">currently</span> <span class="hps">known limits</span> <span class="hps">of
the Universe</span> <span class="hps">are their</span> <span class="hps">absolute
limits</span></span></u><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">. <span class="hps">This would imply that</span> <span class="hps">we already know</span> <span class="hps">almost</span> <span class="hps">all</span>
<span class="hps">the physical laws</span> <span class="hps">of the universe</span>.
<span class="hps">But common sense</span> <span class="hps">tells us that</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">it is more feasible</span> <span class="hps">that we are</span>
<span class="hps">at the beginning</span> <span class="hps">of knowing</span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">that <u>we still have</u></span><u> <span class="hps">much more to discover</span> <span class="hps">and understand</span></u>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span class="hpsatn"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">"</span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Why <span class="hpsalt-edited">comply
with</span> <span class="hps">the known models and</span> <span class="hps">patterns
of</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Underlying</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> F<span class="hps">undamental Laws</span> <span class="hps">of Our Universe</span>,</b> <span class="hps">if we could</span> <span class="hps">understand</span> <span class="hps">better them if</span> <span class="hps">we could</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">decode them</span> <span class="hps">from <u>outside</u></span><u> <span class="hps">its boundaries</span></u>?"
<span class="hpsatn">(</span>Common sense)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div style="border: 2.25pt solid windowtext; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">KALUZA-KLEIN</span></i></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">THEORY</span>: <span class="hps">THE EXISTENCE OF NEW</span> <span class="hps">SPATIAL DIMENSIONS<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />
<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps">Mathematicians</span> <span class="hps">Theodor</span> <span class="hps">Kaluza</span> <span class="hps">(1919) and</span> <span class="hps">Oskar</span>
<span class="hps">Klein</span> <span class="hps">(1926</span>) proposed <span class="hps">a theory that</span> <span class="hps">assumes the existence of</span> <span class="hps"><u>higher-dimensional</u></span><u> <span class="hps">space</span></u> <span class="hpsatn">(</span><span class="alt-edited1">to
the three</span> <span class="hps">known</span> <span class="hps">XYZ</span><u>)
<span class="hps">wound on</span> <span class="hps">these</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">at very small scales</span></u> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>Planck
<span class="hps">size</span>). <span class="hps">These</span> <span class="hps">would
be</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">circular
dimensions</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hpsalt-edited">new and independent</span></b> <span class="hps">directions</span>.
<span class="hps">As</span> <span class="hps">if we look</span> <span class="hps">a
hose</span> <span class="hps">from a distance</span> <span class="hps">seem to</span>
<span class="hps">have</span> <span class="hps">only</span> <span class="hps">two
dimensions</span>, <span class="hps">but</span>, as we approach, <span class="hps">we
see it has</span> <span class="hps">another</span> <span class="hps">that forms its</span>
<span class="hps">outer surface</span>.</span></span></i><span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><u> </u></span></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">According
to</span></i></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">S<span class="hps">tring Theory</span></b>, <span class="hps">these extra dimensions</span> <span class="hps">would be 6</span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">these</span> <span class="hps">should be</span>
<span class="hps">rolled</span> <span class="hps">in a</span> <span class="hpsatn"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Calabi-</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yau <span class="hps">6D</span></b> shape. <span class="hps">This theory</span>
<span class="hps">could be compatible with</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">CDT</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>Causal <span class="hps">Dynamical</span>
<span class="hps">Triangulation</span>).<br />
<br />
<span class="hps">For</span> <span class="hps">our scale</span>, <span class="hps">these
dimensions</span> <span class="hps">do not affect us</span>, and they <span class="hps">cannot be appreciated</span>. <span class="hps">But for hypothetical</span>
<span class="hpsalt-edited">residents</span> <span class="hps">within this size</span>
<span class="hps">so small</span>, they would take <span class="hps">all their
meaning</span> <span class="hps">and prominence.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="hps">We</span> <span class="hps">might</span> <span class="hps">ask
whether</span> <span class="hps">the form</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">4D</span> <span class="hps">space-time</span> <span class="hps">of our
universe</span> <span class="hpsatn">(4D </span>Möbius <span class="hps">Toro</span>
<span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">4D</span> <span class="hps">Klein</span>
<span class="hps">bottle</span>) <span class="hps">would be just</span> <span class="hps">like</span> <span class="hps">these</span> <span class="hps">other</span>
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dimensions</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">Kaluza</span><span class="atn">-</span>Klein <span class="hps">rolled</span> <span class="hps">but</span>
<span class="hps">for large</span> <span class="hps">dimensions</span></b> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>4D <span class="hps">Loop</span> <span class="hps">System</span>
<span class="hps">closed)</span>. <span class="hps">So if</span> <span class="hps">we
went out</span> <span class="hps">of Our Universe</span>, <span class="hps">certain
dimensions</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">we detect</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">inside</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">would cease to</span>
<span class="hps">have effect</span>.<br />
<br />
<span class="hps">It is as we assert that</span> <span class="hps">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dimensions</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">are different for different</span> <span class="hps">spatial
scales</span></b> <span class="hps">of reference</span> <span class="hps">in which</span>
<span class="hps">we find ourselves.</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: lime;"><u>SEARCH FOR EVIDENDES ABOUT THE 3D RAINBOW<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Any new
scientific proposal</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">must</span> <span class="hps">be adequately</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">proven</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">(experimental</span>) <span class="hps">or demonstrated</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>theoretically)</b> <span class="hps">to become</span> <span class="hps">officially</span> <span class="hps">accepted</span> <span class="hps">by
the scientific community</span>. <span class="hps">And it is clear</span> <span class="hps">that to date</span> <span class="hps">there is no evidence</span> <span class="hps">(either</span> <span class="hps">experimental or</span> <span class="hps">theoretical</span>) <span class="hps">to prove or</span> <span class="hps">demonstrate</span> <span class="hps">this</span> <span class="hps">new</span>
<span class="hps">model of the universe</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3D <span class="hps">Rainbow</span></b>).</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<br />
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The aim</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">of this</span> <span class="hps">article is simply</span> <span class="hps">to propose</span> <span class="hps">an idea or</span> <span class="hps">approach</span>
<span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">be considered</span>, <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">provides</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">a </span><span class="hps">broader</span><span class="hpsalt-edited"> scenario</span> <span class="hps">that this we currently
have</span> <span class="hps">about</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">our known universe</b></span>. <span class="hps">To</span> <span class="hps">accept the feasibility</span> <span class="hps">of this proposal</span>
will <span class="hps">facilitate</span> <span class="hps">to define</span> <span class="hps">and plan</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">appropriate</span>
experiments and <span class="hps">formulations</span> <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">prove</span> <span class="hps">or demonstrate</span> <span class="hps">it</span>.
<span class="hps">On the contrary</span>, if we just <span class="hps">stick to</span>
<span class="hps">the known,</span> <span class="hps">and <u>to</u></span><u> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">currently</span> <span class="hps">accepted
limits</span>,<span class="hps"> it will</span><span class="hpsalt-edited">
difficult to</span><span class="hps"> leave</span> <span class="hps">them</span>.</u></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span class="hpsatn"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The </span></b></span><span class="hpsalt-edited"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">most evident </span></b></span><span class="hpsatn"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">(</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">experimental) way to <span class="hpsalt-edited">prove this</span> <span class="hps">approach</span></span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, <span class="hps">would <u>be</u></span><u> <span class="hpsalt-edited">to detect</span> <span class="hps">signals</span> <span class="hps">(waves</span>) <span class="hps">specific
to</span> <span class="hps">these strips</span></u> (<span class="hps">inside and
outside)</span> of <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">spectral band</span>
<span class="hps">of Our Universe</span>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">For</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">outer limits</b></span>, it
<span class="hps">seems</span> <span class="hps">more acceptable</span> <span class="hps">the possibility of detecting</span> <span class="hps"><u>known</u> external</span>
<span class="hps">signals</span> <span class="hps">(waves</span>), <span class="hps">or</span>
some <span class="hps">evidences of the</span> <span class="hps">existence of</span>
<span class="hps">other entities</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">universes</span>. <span class="hps">And it seems</span> <span class="hps">possible</span> <span class="hps">that some day</span> <span class="hps">we
may be</span> <span class="hps">able to</span> <span class="hps">detect certain</span>
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Electromagnetic Waves</b>,
or</span> <span class="hps">the enigmatic</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gravitational Wave</b></span>s, <span class="hps">income from</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">outside of</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our Universe</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">If we assume</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our Universe</b></span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">is just one more</span> <span class="hps">of the millions</span>
<span class="hps">of other possible</span> <span class="hps">universes,</span> the <span class="hps">potential</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Electromagnetic
and Gravitational</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Waves</span></b><span class="hps"> generated by the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Bang</span></b> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">these other</span> <span class="hps">universes</span>
<span class="hpsatn">(</span>generated prior <span class="hps">to ours</span>), <u>could
be <span class="hps">currently</span> <span class="hps">crossing Our Universe</span></u><span class="hps">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">However, for</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inner borders</b></span> <span class="hps">seems more complex its detection.</span> <span class="hps">Because</span>
<span class="hps">the only</span> <span class="hps"><u>known</u></span> <span class="hps">signals</span> <span class="hps">we could</span> <span class="hps">detect</span>
<span class="hps">are</span> the <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Electromagnetic Waves</b> of</span> <span class="hps">wavelength</span> <span class="hps">less than the</span> <span class="hps">Planck</span> <span class="hps">size</span>,
and <span class="hps">they</span> <span class="hps">have a</span> <span class="hps">very
<u>high</u></span><u> <span class="hps">energy</span> <span class="hps">and
possibly</span> <span class="hps">a very short range</span></u>. <span class="hps">Therefore,</span>
<span class="hps">its</span> <span class="hps">detection</span> seems to be <span class="hps">very</span> <span class="hps">difficult</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: cyan;"><u>Electromagnetic waves<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">A</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps"><u>known</u> signal</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">would allow us to</span> <span class="hps">validate</span> <span class="hps">the proposal are</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">electromagnetic waves</b></span> <span class="hps">that can</span> <span class="hps">interact</span> <span class="hps">in
different</span> <span class="hps">spectral</span> <span class="hps">bands</span>, <span class="hpsalt-edited">from the smallest</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span><10 exp="exp" font="font"> <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 meters" w:st="on"><span class="hps">-<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">35 meters</span></span></st1:metricconverter><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">, <span class="hps">the Planck
length</span>) to <span class="hpsatn">the largest (</span>10 exp <span class="hps">+</span> <st1:metricconverter productid="26 meters" w:st="on"><span class="hps">26 meters</span></st1:metricconverter>,
<span class="hps">the length</span> <span class="hps">of our universe</span>).<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--10--></10></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">But the
existence</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">of these waves</span> <span class="hps">would
this <u>mean</u></span><u> <span class="hps">that they were originated</span> <span class="hps">and come from outside</span> <span class="hps">the range</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">universe we know</span></u>? <span class="hps">Any</span> <span class="hps">EM</span> <span class="hps">wave</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">wavelength</span> <span class="hps">less than</span>
<span class="hps">10 exp</span> <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 meters" w:st="on"><span class="hps">-35 meters</span></st1:metricconverter> <span class="hps">must</span> <span class="hps">necessarily</span> <span class="hps">come</span>
<span class="hps">from</span> <span class="hps">scales</span> <span class="hps">smaller
than</span> <span class="hps">this</span> <span class="hps">size</span>, or <span class="hps">could they also be</span> <span class="hps">generated within</span> <span class="hps">our known universe</span>?. <span class="hps">The same questions</span>
<span class="hps">we</span> <span class="hps">could do</span> <span class="hps">on</span>
<span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">EM</span> <span class="hps">waves</span>
<span class="hps">above 10</span> <span class="hps">exp</span> <span class="hps">+<st1:metricconverter productid="26 meters" w:st="on">26 meters</st1:metricconverter>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">If</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">we imagine</span> <span class="hps">again</span> <span class="hps">the
allegory</span> <span class="hps">that an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">electron</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">the
equivalent of</span> <span class="hps">the Earth</span></b> <span class="hpsalt-edited">turning</span> <span class="hps">around the nucleus</span> <span class="hps">of an atom</span>, <span class="hps">like</span> do <span class="hps">the</span>
<span class="hps">Earth</span> <span class="hps">around the Sun,</span> <span class="hps">and also that</span> <span class="hps">intelligent beings</span> <span class="hps">could live</span> <span class="hps">on this scale</span> <span class="hps">with technology</span> <span class="hps">equivalent to</span> <span class="hps">ours</span>, would they be <span class="hps">able to create</span> <span class="hps">FM</span> <span class="hps">radio waves</span>? <span class="hps">And</span>
<span class="hps">if they were not</span>, <span class="hps">would they <u>be able</u></span><u>
<span class="hps">to detect</span> <span class="hps">FM</span> <span class="hps">waves</span>
<span class="hps">from</span> <span class="hps">higher</span> <span class="hps">scales</span></u>?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">For</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">EM fields</span> <span class="hps">of small dimensions,</span> <span class="hps">there is the problem</span> <span class="hps">of <u>high</u></span><u> <span class="hps">energy</span> <span class="hps">of these waves</span></u><span class="hps">,</span> <span class="hps">in which</span> <span class="hps">a single</span>
<span class="hps">wave</span> <span class="hps">(photon)</span> <span class="hps">with</span>
<span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">Planck</span> <span class="hps">wavelength</span>
<span class="hps">(10 exp</span> <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 meters" w:st="on"><span class="hps">-35 meters</span></st1:metricconverter>), carries <span class="hps">energy</span> <span class="hps">of about</span> <span class="hps">3 tons</span>
<span class="hps">TNT</span>. <span class="hps">So to</span> <span class="hps">detect
this</span> <span class="hps">type of electromagnetic radiation</span>, <span class="hps">we should</span> <span class="hps">hide</span> <span class="hpsatn">in a
shelter (</span>bunker) <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">wait for it
to</span> <span class="hps">produce</span> <span class="hps">a very loud explosion</span>.
<span class="hps">Another problem is that</span> <span class="hps">these</span> <span class="hps">waves</span> <span class="hps">may</span> <span class="hps">have</span> <span class="hps">a <u>very short range</u></span> that will <span class="hpsalt-edited">make
it difficult its detection</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">To detect</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">large</span> <span class="hps">waves</span>, <span class="hps">also
called</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ELF</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hpsatn">("</span>Extrem <span class="hps">Low Frequency</span>")</b> <span class="hps">or incorrectly</span>
<span class="hps">"DC</span> <span class="hps">EM</span> <span class="hps">waves"</span>
<span class="hpsatn">(</span><span class="hps">"Direct</span> <span class="hps">Current</span>
<span class="hps">EM</span> <span class="hps">waves"</span>), <span class="alt-edited1"><span style="color: windowtext;">because they are nearly</span></span>
<span class="hps">plane waves</span> <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">our
scale</span>, we would have <span class="hps">the problem</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">opposite</span>, their <u>low <span class="hps">power</span></u><span class="hps">.</span> <span class="hps">In</span> <span class="hps">these waves</span>
the energy of <span class="hps">the photons</span> <span class="hps">would approach</span>
<span class="hps">zero, although its</span> <span class="hps"><u>scope</u></span><u>
<span class="hps">could be very long</span></u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The
electromagnetic waves</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">wavelength</span> <span class="hps">10</span> <span class="hps">exp</span>
+<span class="hps">10</span>, that is <span class="hps">a frequency of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">30</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hpsatn">MHz</span></b><span class="hpsatn"> (</span>one wave <span class="hps">every</span> <span class="hps">30 seconds</span>, nothing special <span class="hps">in fact</span>, similar <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">the</span>
<span class="hps">magnetic</span> <span class="hps">resonance</span> <span class="hps">frequency</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">the</span>
<span class="hps">magnetosphere field</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">the Earth</span> <span class="hps">)</span>, <span class="hps">could</span>
<span class="hps">be easily</span> <span class="hps">detected</span>, <span class="hps">measured and recorded</span> <span class="hps">with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">multi-meter</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">connected to</span> <span class="hps">a strip chart
recorder</span></b>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">very good insulation</b></span>
<span class="hps">to avoid</span> <span class="hps">any noise</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">interference. This</span> <span class="hps">may
involve</span> <span class="hps">having to</span> <span class="hps">locate</span> <span class="hps">the meter</span> <span class="hps">and all</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">installation in</span> the <span class="hps">interplanetary
space</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>in <span class="hps">a interplanetary
satellite or</span> <span class="hps">spacecraft</span> <span class="hps">as far
away</span> <span class="hps">from any object</span>: <span class="hps">planet,
satellite</span>,<span class="hps">...</span>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">But</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps"><u>things get complicated</u></span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">if we
want to</span> <span class="hps">detect and record</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">EM waves</b></span> <span class="hps">of</span>
<span class="hps">longer</span> <span class="hps">wavelengths</span>, <span class="hps">and especially</span> <span class="hps">when it comes to</span> <span class="hps">lengths <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exceeding</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">10 exp</span> <span class="hps">+<st1:metricconverter productid="25 meters" w:st="on">25 meters</st1:metricconverter></span></b><span class="hps">.</span> <span class="hps">This means</span> <span class="hps">a period</span>
<span class="hps">of 1,000</span> <span class="hps">million years</span> <span class="hps">for a complete cycle</span>. <span class="hps">And we should</span> <span class="hps">be</span> <span class="hps">able to perceive</span> <span class="hps">a
small piece</span> <span class="hps">of the wave</span> <span class="hps">(accuracy</span>
<span class="hps">1/1.000.000.000</span> <span class="hps">variation</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">wave amplitude</span>
<span class="hps">for 1</span> <span class="hps">year of</span> <span class="hps">measurement
and recording</span>). <span class="hps">And</span> <span class="hps">at least</span>
<span class="hpsalt-edited">We would need</span> <span class="hps">several
measurements</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>and <span class="hpsalt-edited">so
many years as</span> <span class="hps">measurements</span>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">One of the</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">difficulties encountered</span> <span class="hps">for detecting</span> <span class="hps">these</span> <span class="hps">low frequencies</span> <span class="hps">(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ELF</b></span><span class="atn"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">: "</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Extreme <span class="hps">Low Frequency</span>"</b>) is the <span class="hps"><u>size</u></span><u> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">the
antenna</span></u><span class="hps">.</span> <span class="hps">The antennas</span> <span class="hps">should have a</span> <span class="hps">size</span> <span class="hps">approximate</span>
<span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps"><u>half the</u></span><u> <span class="hps">wavelength</span></u> <span class="hps">with which they operate</span>.
<span class="hps">However, there are</span> <span class="hps">other ways to build</span>
<span class="hps">radio stations</span> <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">smaller</span> <span class="hps">sizes</span> <span class="hps">due to</span>
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>electrical</u></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u> <span class="hps">lengthening</span></u></b>.
<span class="hps">But</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">we would need</span> <span class="hps">a system of</span> <span class="hps">electrical</span> <span class="hps">lengthening</span>
<span class="hps">between stations</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">very high</span> <span class="hps">distances</span> <span class="hpsatn">(around
the Earth, </span>Earth-Moon, <span class="hps">...</span>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">For</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">long wavelengths</span> <span class="hps">of a few meters</span>, a <span class="hps">new generation</span> <span class="hps">radio telescope</span>, <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Low</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Frequency</span> <span class="hps">Array</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>LOFAR)</b>, <span class="hps">has
started</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">test operations</span> <span class="hps">in 2009 and</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">will be fully operational</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">in 2013</span></b>. <span class="hps">Most</span> <span class="hps">of the 40</span> <span class="hps">planned stations</span> <span class="hps">operating in</span> <span class="hps">the Netherlands</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>http://www.lofar.org), six <span class="hps">in Germany</span>
<span class="hpsatn">(</span>http://www.lofar.de), <span class="hps">and one in</span>
<span class="hps">the UK</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>http:/<span class="hps">/www</span>.<span class="hps">LOFAR</span><span class="atn">-</span>uk.org),<span class="hps"> one in</span>
Sweden <span class="hpsatn">(</span>http://lofar-se.org) <span class="hps">and one in</span>
<span class="hps">France</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>http://www.lesia.obspm.fr/plasma/Lofar).
The e<span class="hps">xtension</span> <span class="hps">to other European
countries</span> <span class="hps">are planned.</span> <span class="hps">Among</span>
<span class="hps">the many possibilities</span> <span class="hps">LOFAR</span> <span class="hps">observation</span>, <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">being</span>
<span class="hps">able to track the</span> <span class="hps">radio</span> <span class="hps">synchrotron</span> <span class="hps">emission of</span> <span class="hps">low energy</span> <span class="hps">cosmic rays</span> <span class="hps">in</span>
<span class="hps">weak magnetic fields</span>. <span class="hps">This allows us to</span>
<span class="hps">observe</span> <span class="hps">the outermost regions</span> <span class="hps">of galaxies</span> <span class="hps">that are only accessible</span> <span class="hps">via</span> <span class="hps">radio waves</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">But</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">even if</span> <span class="hps">it</span> <span class="hps">were
possible to</span> <span class="hps">detect these</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">EM waves</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">of wavelengths</span> <span class="hps">so extreme</span></b>,
<span class="hps">positive or negative</span>, <span class="hps"><u>is not</u></span><u>
<span class="hps">100% guaranteed</span> <span class="hps">that these waves</span> <span class="hps">came from</span> <span class="hps">beyond our</span> <span class="hps">known
universe</span></u>, <span class="hps">but it is always</span> <span class="hps">a
possibility</span> <span class="hps">to consider.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: cyan; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><u>Gravitational Waves</u></span></b></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Another option</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hpsalt-edited">for detecting</span> <span class="hps">stimuli</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">from outside</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our Known Universe</b></span> <span class="hps">could</span> <span class="hps">be</span> <span class="hps">the mysterious</span>
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gravitational Waves</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Gravity</span></u></b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, <span class="hps">which is the</span> <span class="hps">first force</span> <span class="hps">that the</span> <span class="hps">man knew</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>Galileo,
<span class="hps">Copernicus and</span> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span class="hps">Newton</span></st1:city></st1:place> <span class="hps">in the
seventeenth century</span>), <span class="hps">before the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">EM</b></span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>Oersted,
<span class="hps">Ampere</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Maxwell</span>
<span class="hps">in the nineteenth century</span>) <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">obviously</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quantum
forces</b></span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>weak and strong nuclear<span class="hps">,</span> <span class="hps">Fermi</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Yukawa</span> <span class="hps">in the twentieth century</span>), nowadays
<span class="hps"><u>is,</u></span><u> <span class="hps">possibly,</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">the force</span> <span class="hps">(field</span>) more <span class="hps">unknown</span> <span class="hps">and enigmatic</span></u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In physics</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, <span class="hps">a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gravitational Wave</b></span>
<span class="hps">is a</span> <span class="hps">ripple</span> <span class="hps">in
space-time</span> <span class="hps">produced by</span> <span class="hps">a massive
body</span> <span class="hps">accelerated</span>. <span class="hps">Gravitational
waves</span> <span class="hps">are a</span> <span class="hps">consequence of</span>
<span class="hps">general relativity</span> <span class="hps">theory</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">Einstein</span> <span class="hps">and
transmitted</span> <span class="hps">at the speed</span> <span class="hps">of light</span>.
<span class="hps">So far it has</span> <u>not <span class="hps">been</span> <span class="hps">possible to detect</span> <span class="hps">any</span> <span class="hps">of
these waves</span></u>, <span class="hps">although there</span> <span class="hps">is
indirect evidence</span> <span class="hps">of them</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Gravitational
waves</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">can travel</span> <span class="hps">very</span>
<span class="hps">long distances</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">nearly</span> <span class="hps">unchanged</span>, and its main <span class="hps">possible sources</span>
<span class="hps">are three</span> <span class="hps">types</span>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Catastrophic Sources</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> by <span class="hps">explosion</span></span></b><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">,</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">produced by</span>
<span class="hps">the coalescence</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">compact</span> <span class="hps">binary star</span> <span class="hps">systems</span>, <span class="hps">or formation of</span> <span class="hps">neutron stars or</span> <span class="hps">black holes</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">supernovae</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Narrowband</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">Sources</span>:</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">Rotation</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">individual
stars</span> <span class="hps">not</span> <span class="hps">asymmetric</span> <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hps">binary stars</span> <span class="hps">far
from</span> <span class="hps">coalescence.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Stochastic</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">funds</span></span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">due to</span> <span class="hps">the integrated effect of</span> <span class="hps">many sources of</span> <span class="hps">long</span> <span class="hps">distance</span>, <span class="hps">and even</span> <span class="hps">that could</span> <span class="hps">be generated by</span> <span class="hps">effects</span> <span class="hps">of the above</span> <span class="hps">sources</span> <span class="hps">produced</span> <span class="hps">in
the early universe</span>.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Latest studies</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">suggest that</span> <span class="hps">one of the causes</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dark
Energy</b></span> <span class="hps">might be the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Primordial Gravitational Waves</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span class="hps">produced during</span>
<span class="hps">the inflationary phase</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">the first moments of</span> <span class="hps">the Big Bang</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Currently</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">there are several</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">projects for the</span>
<span class="hps">observation</span> <span class="hps">of gravitational waves</span>,
<span class="hps">such as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LIGO</b></span> <span class="hps">(<st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></span>), <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TAMA</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hpsatn">300</span></b><span class="hpsatn"> (</span><st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region>),
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">GEO</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hpsatn">600</span></b><span class="hpsatn"> (</span><st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region>
<span class="hps">and <st1:country-region w:st="on">UK</st1:country-region>)</span>,
<span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">VIRGO</b></span>
<span class="hpsatn">(</span>France <span class="hps">and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Italy</st1:country-region></st1:place></span>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The pessimists</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">believe that</span> <span class="hps">the actual detection</span> <span class="hps">of gravitational waves</span> <span class="hps">can only be</span> <span class="hps">done</span> <span class="hps">from space.</span> <span class="hps">A</span>
<span class="hps">space mission</span> <span class="hps">called</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LISA</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span class="hpsatn">("</span>Laser
<span class="hps">Interferometer Space</span> <span class="hps">Antenna"</span>)
<span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">currently under</span> <span class="hps">study to</span> <span class="hps">be the</span> <span class="hps">first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">space observatory</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">gravitational waves</span></b><span class="hps"> and</span> <span class="hps">could be operational</span> <span class="hps">around 2020</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The study</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">of these waves</span> <span class="hps">will help us to</span> <span class="hps">answer questions about</span> <span class="hps">the early universe</span>,
<span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">hypothetical</span> <span class="hps">end
or</span> <span class="hps">their limits</span>, <span class="hps">and who knows if</span>
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">other universes</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">outside</span> <span class="hps">our</span></b><span class="hps">.</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext;"><u> </u></span></span><span class="hpsalt-edited">It is
possible that</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">could be detected</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stochastic</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hpsalt-edited">Backgrounds</span></b>
<span class="hps">generated by</span> <span class="hps">the <u>Big Bang</u></span><u>
<span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">other universes</span></u> <span class="hps">outside</span> <span class="hps">our own,</span> <span class="hps">or due
to</span> <span class="hps"><u>collisions</u></span><u> <span class="hps">between
them</span></u><span class="hps">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="border: 2.25pt solid windowtext; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">NEW</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">THEORY OF</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">GRAVITY<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />
<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps">Different</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">Fields</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">of</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">Forces of Nature</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hpsatn">we know (</span><span class="longtext">strong and weak nuclear, </span><span class="hps">electromagnetic and gravitational</span><span class="longtext">) </span><span class="hps">have associated</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">a
particle</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hpsatn">(</span><span class="longtext">Higgs, </span><span class="hps">Gluon</span><span class="longtext">,
</span><span class="hps">Photon</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">and</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">Graviton</span><span class="longtext">, </span><span class="hps">respectively</span><span class="longtext">) </span><span class="hps">but the latter</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hpsatn">(</span><span class="longtext">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Graviton</b>) </span><span class="hpsalt-edited">is still to</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">be demonstrated</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">experimentally</span><span class="longtext">.</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Currently</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> it is </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">still</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">unknown how</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">gravity</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">really works</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hpsatn"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">(</span></i></span><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Newton</span></i></span></st1:place></st1:city><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Einstein</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">and</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Hawking</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, accepted that </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">unknown</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">how gravity works</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">). </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Newton</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">believed</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">that gravity
is</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">attractive force</b></span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">between
masses</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">), </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">while</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Einstein</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">proposed in
his</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Special Theory of Relativity</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></i></span><span class="hpsatn"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">(</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">the </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">currently
accepted</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">officially</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">) </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">the concept
of</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">curved space-time</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">as</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">a possible
cause</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Currently</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">there are other proposals</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">that try to</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">explain gravity</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quantum Theory</b></span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">such as</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Arthur</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">A.</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Larson</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> that </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">propose</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> it </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">as an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">interaction</b></span></i></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">of</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">emission</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">and</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">absorption</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">of</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">gravitons</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">from</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">within</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">the nuclei of</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">atoms between them</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, producing </span></i></span><span class="hpsatn"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">self-</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">movement </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">toward each other</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">atoms</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">. </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Or</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, as </span></i></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Hawking</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">said</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, </span></i></span><span class="hpsatn"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">"</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">an exchange of </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">gravitons</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">between</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">the particles constituting</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">two bodies</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">" </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">that</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">makes them move</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">or</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">attract</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">. </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Gravity</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">would be then</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">quantified</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">(based on</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">particles</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">) </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">as they are all</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">the other field forces</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">of nature</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">. </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">A</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">quantized</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">gravity</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">is one</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">of the holy grails</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">of science</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">If</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">the latter proposal</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hpsatn"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">(</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Larson and </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Hawking</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">) </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">was correct,</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hpsalt-edited"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">would be</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">a major change in</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">the</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">currently</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">accepted</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">scientific</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">concepts</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">about the universe</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">such as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">limitation</b></span></i></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">of the</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">speed of light</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, </span></i></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">the</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Big</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Bang</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">and</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">expanding universe</b></span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><u><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Microwave Background</span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Radiation</span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">of the Universe<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></u></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Inflationary
theory</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>if it was also <span class="hps">valid</span> <span class="hps">outside the boundaries</span> <span class="hps">of our universe</span>) <span class="hps">predicts</span> <span class="hps">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">impossibility</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">of traveling</span> <span class="hps">between two</span> <span class="hpsatn">"</span>bubble
universes"</b> outside <span class="hps">our own,</span> <span class="hps">because</span>
<span class="hps">the space between them</span> <span class="hps">would</span> be <span class="hpsalt-edited">still in phase of</span> <span class="hps">inflation</span>,
expanding <span class="hps">faster</span> <span class="hps">than</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">light can travel</span> <span class="hps">through
it</span>. <span class="hps">So, </span><span class="hpsalt-edited">any type of
radiation</span> <span class="hps">that could prove the existence of this bubble,
could not</span> <span class="hps">reach to us.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">However,</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">physicists</span> <span class="hps">have wondered</span> <span class="hps">what would happen</span> <span class="hps">if two of</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">those bubbles</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>universes) <span class="hps">collide,</span></b><span class="hps"> </span><span class="alt-edited1"><span style="color: windowtext;">so that</span></span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">anywhere
between</span> <span class="hps">them</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">does not
exist</span> <span class="hps">inflationary phase</span> <span class="hps">space</span>,
f<span class="hps">or example</span> <span class="hps">against our universe</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>our bubble).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">A study</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">and analysis of the</span> <span class="hps">Microwave Background</span>
<span class="hps">Radiation</span> <span class="hps">of the Universe</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>made <span class="hps">by</span> <span class="hps">NASA's</span>
<span class="hps">WMAP</span>) <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">treated
with certain</span> <span class="hps">computer filters</span> <span class="hps">and</span>
<span class="hps">algorithms</span>, it seems that <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">detects</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">collisions</span> <span class="hps">between</span> <span class="hps">other bubbles</span> <span class="hps">and ours</span></b><span class="hpsatn"> (</span><u>Our Universe</u>), <span class="hps">in </span><span class="hpsalt-edited">primordial</span><span class="hps"> times</span>.</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><u> S</u></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">uch collisions</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">would occur</span> <span class="hps">predictably</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">during</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">the beginning of our</span> <span class="hps">universe</span></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">http://moriond.in2p3.fr/J12/transparencies/11_Sunday_am/mcewen.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">This
international team</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">has created</span> <span class="hps">a new</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">computerized</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">algorithm</span></b> <span class="hpsalt-edited">to catch</span> <span class="hps">such irregularities</span> <span class="hps">in Our Universe</span>. That they believe <span class="hps">would be</span>
<span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">a circular shape, and</span> <span class="hps">similar to</span> <span class="hps">temporary</span> <span class="hps">flattening</span>
that <span class="hpsalt-edited">happens when</span> <span class="hps">a ball</span>
<span class="hps">hits another</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hpsalt-edited"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Luckily</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, <span class="hps">modern telescopes</span> <span class="hps">are able to study</span> <span class="hps">a faded snapshot</span> <span class="hps">of the universe</span> <span class="hps">when it was a baby</span>: <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cosmic Microwave Background</b></span>.
<span class="hpsalt-edited">The CMB</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">the radiation emitted by</span> <span class="hps">the hot plasma</span>
<span class="hps">that dominated</span> <span class="hps">the universe</span> <span class="hps">to about</span> <span class="hps">380,000 years after the</span> <span class="hpsatn">"</span>Big <span class="hps">Bang</span>", <span class="hps">occurred more than</span> <span class="hps">13 billion</span> <span class="hps">years ago.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">But it could be</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">the current <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">maps</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">of
the CMB</span></b> <span class="hps">(Cosmic</span> <span class="hps">Microwave</span>
<span class="hps">Background</span>) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">are
not <span class="hps">precise</span> <span class="hps">enough</span></b> <span class="hps">to detect</span> <span class="hps">small changes</span> <span class="hps">that presumably</span> <span class="hps">indicate</span> <span class="hps">a crash or collision</span> <span class="hps">inter</span><span class="atn">-</span>universal. <span class="hps">So</span> <span class="hps">we're</span>
<span class="hpsalt-edited">waiting for</span> <span class="hps">the new</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Planck</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">space telescope</span></b>
<span class="hps">data</span>, which <span class="hps">is recording the</span> <span class="hps">CMB</span> <span class="hps">with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">resolution</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">three times better</span></b><span class="hps"> than</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">most recent</span> <span class="hps">mapping</span>
<span class="hps">CMB</span>, created <span class="hps">using</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">orbiter</span> <span class="hps">Wilkinson
Microwave Anisotropy Probe</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>WMAP).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Data collection</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">Planck</span> <span class="hps">is scheduled
to end</span> <span class="hps">this year</span>, <span class="hps">but it will
take</span> <span class="hps">until <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">January
2013</b></span> <span class="hps">to filter</span> and eliminating <span class="hps">distortions caused by</span> <span class="hps">interference from</span>
<span class="hps">celestial bodies</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">closer to us,</span>
<span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">terms</span> <span class="hps">of</span>
<span class="hps">space-time,</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">compared with the</span>
<span class="hps">CMB</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><u><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Universes</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">within the</span> <span class="hps">Planck</span> <span class="hps">Volume</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span><span class="alt-edited1">smaller than the</span>
<span class="hps">Planck</span> <span class="hps">Scale</span>)</span></b></u></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Size</b></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">(Scale</span>) <span class="hps">or Length</span> of <span class="hps">Planck</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>ℓ <span class="hps">P</span>)</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> is that
<span class="hps">length below which</span> <span class="hps">it is expected that space
will no have longer</span> <span class="hps">classical geometry.</span> <span class="hps">A</span> <span class="hps">lower</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">measure</span>
of Planck Length <span class="hps">can not be treated</span> <span class="hps">properly</span>
<span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">current</span> <span class="hps">physics
models</span> <span class="hps">due to the emergence</span> <span class="hps">of</span>
<span class="hps">quantum gravity effects</span>. <span class="hps">To put it</span>
<span class="hps">briefly</span>, any <u>particle <span class="hps">that is smaller
such a</span><span class="hpsalt-edited"> length</span>, <span class="hpsalt-edited">will no longer</span> <span class="hps">have a</span> <span class="hps">classical geometry</span></u>, ie, <span class="hps">an object without</span>
<span class="hps">the dimensions</span> <span class="hps">that we know</span> (<span class="hps">length, width</span>, <span class="hps">and depth)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The</span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Planck</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Length</span></b> <span class="hps">is calculated as the</span> <span class="hps">distance traveled by a</span> <span class="hps">photon</span> <span class="hps">at the speed</span> <span class="hps">of light in</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Planck
Time</b></span>, <span class="hps">and depends on three</span> <span class="hps">fundamental
constants</span>, <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">speed of light</span>
<span class="hpsatn">(</span>c), <span class="hps">the Planck constant</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>h) and <span class="hps">gravitational</span> <span class="hps">constant</span> <span class="hps">(G).</span> <span class="hps">The
Planck length</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">about 10</span> <span class="hps">exp</span> <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 meters" w:st="on"><span class="hps">-35 meters</span></st1:metricconverter>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hpsalt-edited"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Furthermore</span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, <span class="hps">we can define
different</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Basic</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Planck</span> U<span class="hps">nits</span></b> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>length, time, <span class="hps">mass, charge</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">temperature</span>)
<span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Derived
Planck Units</b></span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>energy, strength, <span class="hps">power</span>, <span class="hps">density, pressure</span>,<span class="hps">...</span>).<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The</span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Planck</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> V<span class="hps">olume</span> </b><span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">the volume
contained in</span> <span class="hps">a cube</span> <span class="hps">with edges</span>
<span class="hps">of the</span> <span class="hps">Planck</span> <span class="hps">length</span>
<span class="hpsatn">(</span>ℓ <span class="hps">P</span> <span class="hps">cubed)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><u><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Can there be</span></u></span><u><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hpsatn">something (</span>and even <span class="hps">more</span> <span class="hps">Universes</span>) <span class="hps">within this volume</span></span></u><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">? <span class="hps">For</span> <span class="hps">our brain</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">it is very difficult</span> <span class="hps">to assimilate
it.</span> <span class="hps">While the possibility</span> <span class="hps">of</span>
<span class="hps">the existence of</span> <span class="hps">other universes</span> <span class="hps">outside of our own</span>, <span class="hps">though difficult but</span>
<span class="hpsalt-edited">it is understandable</span>, <span class="hps">for</span>
<span class="hps">lower dimensions,</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">it is very
difficult</span> <span class="hps">to understand</span> <span class="hps">and assimilate</span>.
<span class="hps">Our brain</span> <span class="hps">makes us think</span> <span class="hps">that there must be</span> <span class="hps">an end</span>, a <span class="hps">minimum</span> <span class="hps">particle</span> <span class="hps">that</span>
<span class="hps">until 100 years ago</span> it <span class="hpsalt-edited">was
believed to be</span> <span class="hps">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">atom</b></span>
<span class="hps">(Greek</span> <span class="hpsatn">"a (no)-</span>tom
(divisible)", <span class="hps">which means</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“<span class="hps">no</span> <span class="hps">parts”</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">indivisible</span></b><span class="hps">)</span>,
which <span class="hps">was predicted</span> <span class="hps">by the former</span>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span class="hps">Greece</span></st1:country-region></st1:place>
<span class="hps">but</span> <span class="hps">has not been</span> <span class="hps">demonstrated</span>
<span class="hps">until the nineteenth century</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">We</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> must <span class="hps">note that</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">size</span>
<span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">Planck</span> <span class="hps">(10 exp</span>-<st1:metricconverter productid="35 meters" w:st="on">35 <span class="hps">meters</span></st1:metricconverter><span class="hps">)</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">10 exp</span>-25 times
<span class="hpsalt-edited">smaller than the dimension</span> <span class="hps">of
a</span> <span class="hps">standard</span> <span class="hps">atom</span> <span class="hps">(10 exp</span> <st1:metricconverter productid="-10 meters" w:st="on"><span class="hps">-10 meters</span></st1:metricconverter><span class="hps">).</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">Viewed in another</span> <span class="hps">way</span>, <span class="hps"><u>for the</u></span><u> <span class="hps">Planck</span> <span class="hps">size</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">size of</span> <span class="hps">an atom</span>, <span class="hpsalt-edited">what for us</span> <span class="hps">is the dimension</span> <span class="hps">of the Known Universe</span></u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Very</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">little is known</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">these
dimensions</span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">concepts like</span>
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quantum Foam</b></span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>basic fabric <span class="hps">of the universe</span> <span class="hps">which is</span> <span class="hps">on</span> <span class="hps">these
lengths</span>), <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quantum
Gravity</b></span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>unifying theory), <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fractal</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Quantum </span></b><span class="hps">Space-Time<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">,</b></span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Strings</b></span> </span><span class="post-content1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ToE “Theory of
Everything”</i>)</span></span><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></strong><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">and</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vacuum Energy</b></span> <span class="hps">are confusing</span> <span class="hps">and fascinating</span> <span class="hps">concepts</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">are</span>
<span class="hps">considered</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">these
scales</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Theory</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">Kaluza</span><span class="atn">-</span>Klein</b> <span class="hps">(1919-1926)</span> <span class="hps">proposed</span>
<span class="hps">the existence of <u>new</u></span><u> <span class="hps">spatial
dimensions</span></u> <span class="hps">additional</span> <span class="hps">wound</span>
<span class="hps">that could</span> <span class="hps">be as small as</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">Planck</span> <span class="hps">length</span>.
<span class="hps">And</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">String
Theory</b></span> <span class="hps">proposes</span> <span class="hps">the existence
of <u>six</u></span><u> <span class="hps">extra spatial dimensions</span></u> <span class="hps">to those known</span> <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hpsatn"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Calabi-</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yau <span class="hps">space</span></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">If confirmed</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">the existence</span> <span class="hps">of these</span> <span class="hps">extra
spatial dimensions</span> <span class="hps">beyond</span> <span class="hps">the</span>
<span class="hps">Planck</span> <span class="hps">size</span>, it <span class="hpsalt-edited">would mean that,</span> <span class="hps">all those</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">entities or</span> <span class="hps">possible</span> <span class="hps">universes</span> </b><span class="hpsalt-edited">that might exist</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
<span class="hps">would be</span> <span class="hps"><u>multi-dimensional</u></span></b>,
<span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">would be</span> <span class="hps">very
different from</span> <span class="hps">our universe. And</span> <span class="hps">therefore,
they would be</span> <span class="hps">very</span> <span class="hps">difficult to</span>
<span class="hps">assimilate</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">our
brain</span> <span class="hps">and from</span> <span class="hps">our</span> <span class="hps">reference scale</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><u><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">What types of</span></u></span><u><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">stimuli</span> (waves) <span class="hps">may come from</span> <span class="hps">these so small</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">multi</span><span class="atn">-</span>dimensional<span class="hps"> sizes</span>?</span></u><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">It is possible that</span> at <span class="hps">these scales</span> <span class="hps">below the</span> <span class="hps">Planck</span> <span class="hps">size</span>
<span class="hpsatn">(</span>under 10 <span class="hps">exp</span> <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 meters" w:st="on"><span class="hps">-35 meters</span></st1:metricconverter>)
there are <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">EM waves</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span class="hps">(and</span> possible
also <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">waves</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> of the <span class="hps">strong and weak fields</span></b><span class="hps">)</span>, <span class="hps">but these would be</span> <span class="hps">very</span>
<span class="hps">small and</span> <span class="hps">short</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>both length <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">scope</span>)
<span class="hps">and</span> also <span class="hps">very</span> <span class="hps">high
energy.</span> <span class="hps">But</span> <span class="hps">it would also be</span>
<span class="hps">possible</span> <span class="hps">that there may be</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">other types of</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">force fields</span></b> <span class="hps">currently</span> <span class="hps">unknown</span>, <span class="hps">and
their</span> <span class="hps">waves</span>, <span class="hps">stimuli</span> <span class="hps">or signals</span>, <u>all <span class="hps">undetectable</span> <span class="hps">for us</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">for the
instruments</span> <span class="hps">currently available</span> <span class="hps">in</span>
<span class="hps">our scale</span></u>.</span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The technology
system</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">currently used by</span> <span class="hps">our scientists</span> <span class="hps">to study</span> <span class="hps">particles</span> <span class="hps">and phenomena</span> <span class="hps">such</span> <span class="hps">as small</span> <span class="hps">size</span>,
<span class="hps">are the famous</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">particle colliders</b></span>. They <span class="hps">try to</span> <span class="hps">observe and</span> <span class="hps">detect</span> <span class="hps">radiation
and</span> <span class="hps">particles produced</span> <span class="hps">by
colliding</span> <span class="hps">very small</span> <span class="hps">particles</span>
<span class="hpsatn">(</span>hadrons, <span class="hps">electrons</span>, <span class="hps">protons</span>, <span class="hps">...</span> <span class="hps">)</span> <span class="hps">together</span> <span class="hps">and at very high</span> <span class="hps">speeds.</span></span></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="color: cyan;"><u><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Possibility</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">the existence</span> <span class="hps">and detection</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">other</span> <span class="hps">unknown</span>
<span class="hps">force fields<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></u></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">As already
mentioned</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">, <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">known</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Forces Fields</span> <span class="hps">are</span> <span class="hps">only four</span></b>: <span class="hps">Weak, Strong</span>, <span class="hps">Electromagnetic and</span> <span class="hps">Gravitational.</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gravity</b></span> <span class="hps">was the</span> <span class="hps">first force</span> <span class="hps">that
the</span> <span class="hps">man knew</span> <span class="hps">(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">XVII century</b></span>), <span class="hps">before
the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">EM</b></span>
<span class="hpsatn">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">XIX <span class="hps">century</span></b>) <span class="hps">and obviously</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Weak
and Strong Nuclear</b></span> <span class="hps">forces</span>, <span class="hpsatn">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">XX <span class="hps">century</span></b>).
<span class="hps">With</span> <span class="hps">these four</span> <span class="hps">force
fields</span>, <span class="hps">are scientifically</span> <span class="hps">explained,</span>
<span class="hpsalt-edited">currently,</span> <span class="hps">all</span> <span class="hps">observed phenomena</span> <span class="hps">in the known Universe</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">What would
happen if</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">one or more</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">new</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">force fields were discovered</span></b>? <span class="hps">Is this</span> <span class="hps">a viable hypothesis</span>?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Obviously,</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">this <u>is a</u></span><u> <span class="hpsalt-edited">very feasible</span>
<span class="hps">possibility</span></u>. <span class="hps">If</span> <span class="hps">not</span> it <span class="hpsalt-edited">would be</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">such as</span> <span class="hps">to say that</span> <span class="hps">we know</span> <span class="hps">almost everything</span> <span class="hps">in physics</span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">that
few things</span> <span class="hps">we have left</span> <span class="hps">to
discover.</span> <span class="hps">Suppose this would be</span> <span class="hps">very</span>
<span class="hps">pretentious and</span> <span class="hps">even irresponsible</span>
<span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">serious and rigorous scientific</span>.
<span class="hps">Especially</span> <span class="hps">considering that,</span> <span class="hps">four</span> <span class="hps">centuries,</span> <span class="hps">ago</span>
<span class="hps">there was not any known</span>. <span class="hps">Two centuries
ago</span> <span class="hps">was known</span> <span class="hps">EM,</span> <span class="hps">and only</span> <span class="hps">100 years ago</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">were known</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">weak and strong</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">As</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">we have seen, these known forces</span> <span class="hps">are more
prevalent</span> <span class="hps">in</span> some <span class="hps">scales</span> <span class="hps">than others. Then</span> <span class="hps">maybe</span> <span class="hps">these other</span> <span class="hps">force fields</span> <span class="hps">to know</span> <span class="hps">presented with</span> <span class="hps">greater
splendor</span> <span class="hps">beyond</span> <span class="hps">the known limits</span>
<span class="hps">of our universe</span> <span class="hps">(either</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">positive or</span>
<span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">negative).</span>
<span class="hps">But, if</span> <span class="hps">we</span> <span class="hps">do</span>
<span class="hps">not know them,</span> <span class="hps">more difficult will be to
detect</span>, <span class="hps">but not impossible</span>. <span class="hps">We
simply have <u>to</u></span><u> <span class="hps">keep an open mind</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">this possibility and</span> to <span class="hps">be alert to</span> <span class="hps">any signs</span> <span class="hps">or</span>
<span class="hps">abnormal/strange phenomenon</span></u><span class="hps"> that</span>
<span class="hps">can not be explained</span> <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">the known fields</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: cyan;"><u>COMPARATIVE BETWEEN UNIVERSE MODELS (MAINSTREAM & 3D
RAINBOW)<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">MAINSTREAM MODEL<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(204, 255, 204); border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">3D RAINBOW MODEL<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universe</b></span> (<span class="hps">is unique) is limited</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">the upper scales</span> <span class="hps">by the space</span> <span class="hps">generated</span> <span class="hps">from the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big</b></span><span class="atn"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">-</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bang </b><span class="hps">(10^+<st1:metricconverter productid="27 meters" w:st="on">27 meters</st1:metricconverter>),</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">the lower
levels</span> <span class="hps">by</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Planck</b></span> <span class="hps">scale</span> <span class="hps">(10^-<st1:metricconverter productid="35 meters" w:st="on">35 meters</st1:metricconverter></span>) <span class="hps">in which</span> <span class="hps">the appearance</span> <span class="hps">of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quantum Gravity</b></span>
<span class="hps">prevents that</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">lower</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">measure</span> <span class="hps">can not be treated</span> <span class="hps">properly</span> <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">current</span> <span class="hps">physical</span>
<span class="hps">models.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Our known Universe</span></b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hpsatn">(between </span>10<span class="hps">^-35 & </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps">10^+<st1:metricconverter productid="27 meters" w:st="on">27 meters</st1:metricconverter>)</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">not</span> <span class="hps">more than a</span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">small <span class="hps">band within the
total</span> <span class="hps">Global</span> <span class="hps">Universe scale spectrum</span></b>,
<span class="hps">which, in principle,</span> <span class="hps">can be infinite</span>.
<span class="hps">And as</span> <span class="hps">physical science</span> <span class="hps">and technology</span> <span class="hps">advance</span>, it will widen
<span class="hps">its stretch</span>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universe</b></span> <span class="hps">(which</span> <span class="hps">is unique</span>) <span class="hps">began
in a</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Bang</span></b> <span class="hps">13,700 million years</span> <span class="hps">ago</span> <span class="hps">and</span> it <span class="hps">is expanding</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">isotropically</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span class="hps">since that time.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Our Universe</span></b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"bubble"</b></span>
else <span class="hps">of the many</span> <span class="hps">that exist in</span> <span class="hps">a larger scale than</span> <span class="hps">ours</span> <span class="hps">within the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Global</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Universe</span></b>, <span class="hpsalt-edited">and which also had</span>
<span class="hpsatn">(</span>or will have) <span class="hps">their own</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Bang</span></b> <span class="hps">at different times</span>.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universe</b></span> <span class="hps">there are four</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Forces Fields</b></span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>strong, weak, <span class="hps">electromagnetic and gravity</span>) <span class="hpsalt-edited">which
explain</span> <span class="hps">all</span> <span class="hps">known</span> <span class="hps">physical phenomena</span>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Out of</span></b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">the current limits of</span> <span class="hps">this range</span> <span class="hps">scale</span> <span class="hps">of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Our Universe</b></span> <span class="hps">may be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">other</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Force Fields</span></b> <span class="hps">acting</span> <span class="hps">very</span> <span class="hps">weakly</span> <span class="hps">in Our Universe</span>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Underlying Fundamental Laws</span></b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universe</b></span> <span class="hps">are the same for</span> <span class="hps">the whole universe</span> <span class="hps">even</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">they</span>
<span class="hps">can</span> <span class="hps">manifest</span> <span class="hps">differently
in</span> <span class="hpsatn">the large (</span>Quantum <span class="hps">Model)</span>
<span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hpsatn">the small (</span>Relativistic <span class="hps">Model)</span>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">While</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;"> <span class="hps">we accept</span> <span class="hps">that the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Underlying</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> F<span class="hps">undamental Laws</span></b><span class="hps"> are the
same for</span> <span class="hps">all spectra</span> <span class="hps">and</span><span class="hpsalt-edited"> ranges of the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Global</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Universe</span></b>, <span class="hps">they manifest</span>
<span class="hps">differently</span> <span class="hps">through them</span>, requiring</span>
<span class="hps">different models</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">that
formalize</span> <span class="hps">and explain</span> <span class="hps">this
different</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">zones</span>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universe</b></span>, <span class="hps">currently</span>, can be explained <span class="hps">and standardized</span>
<span class="hps">by</span> <span class="hps">two physical models:</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quantum Model</b></span> <span class="hps">(for</span> <span class="hps">small) and</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Relativistic Model</b></span> <span class="hps">(for</span> <span class="hps">large)</span>. <span class="hps">And</span>
<span class="hps">is evolving into a</span> <span class="hps">pattern</span> <span class="hps">that would unify</span> <span class="hps">all</span> <span class="hps">previous
models</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">M-theory
<span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">Super-string</span></b><span class="hps">)</span>, covering <span class="hps">the entire universe.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">For the
different</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">bands</span> <span class="hps">of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3D Rainbow</b></span> of the <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Global</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Universe</span></b>, <span class="hps">may dominate</span> <span class="hps">different models and</span> <span class="hps">patterns</span> <span class="hps">to better explain</span> <span class="hps">its phenomena</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Relativistic and</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">Quantum</span> <span class="hps">Models</span></b>). <span class="hps">The</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">M-theory</b></span> <span class="hps">may</span>
<span class="hps">simply</span> <span class="hps">cover</span> <span class="hps">a
wider range of zones,</span> <span class="hps">encompassing the</span> <span class="hps">previous</span> <span class="hps">models.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universe</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span class="hps">is unique</span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">all waves</span> <span class="hps">and</span>
<span class="hps">stimuli</span>, <span class="hps">and the fields</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">forces we know</span>, <span class="hps">are
what</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">conform</span> <span class="hps">the
whole.</span> <span class="hps">Only would be possible</span> <span class="hps">other
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Parallel Universes</b></span>, <span class="hps">and potential</span> <span class="hps">living beings,</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">other</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Spatial Dimensions.</b></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">For the
different</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">bands of</span> <span class="hps">the</span>
<span class="hps">spectrum</span> <span class="hps">of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3D Rainbow</b></span> <span class="hps">may dominate</span> <span class="hps">different</span> <span class="hps">stimuli and</span> <span class="hps">waves</span>, <span class="hps">different</span> <span class="hps">fields</span>
<span class="hps">and forces.</span> <span class="hps">And</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">can be formed</span> <span class="hps">different</span> <span class="hps">entities</span> <span class="hps">and bodies.</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Parallel Universes</b></span> <span class="hps">can</span> <span class="hps">coexist</span>, <span class="hps">and even</span>
<span class="hps">different living beings</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">different</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Scale Levels</b></span>.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Our</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">species is</span> <span class="hps"><u>halfway</u> between</span> <span class="hps">the largest structures</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">the smallest</span> <span class="hps">of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universe</b></span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">we
are very lucky</span> <span class="hps">because</span> <span class="hps">it</span>
<span class="hps">serves</span> <span class="hps">as a platform</span> <span class="hps">to observe</span> <span class="hps">the universe</span> <span class="hpsalt-edited">in all its aspects</span>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Our</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">species is</span> <span class="hps"><u>halfway</u> between</span> <span class="hps">the largest structures</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">the smallest</span> <span class="hps">of the</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">known universe</b>,</span> <span class="hps">because from the</span> <span class="hps">reference</span> <span class="hps">spectrum</span> <span class="hps">scale</span> <span class="hps">where
we are</span>, <u>that <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">what our
technology</span> <span class="hps">and expertise</span> <span class="hps">allows
us</span></u> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">observe and learn towards</span>
<span class="hps">the two directions</span>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universe</b></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">is considered a</span> <span class="hps">closed physical system</span>
<span class="hps">in which</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the energy contained</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
<span class="hps">in it</span> <span class="hps">is constant</span></b>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="hpsalt-edited"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Different</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">l<span class="hps">evels</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">scales</span></b> <span class="hps">can be
considered</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Physical
Open Systems</b></span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">this
would mean</span> <span class="hps">that there could be</span> <span class="hps">an
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exchange</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">of energy between them</span></b>.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: cyan;"><u><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">POSSIBLE</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hpsalt-edited">SIGNALS</span>
<span class="hpsalt-edited">BEYOND THE LIMITS</span> <span class="hps">OF OUR
UNIVERSE</span></span></b></u></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 14pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 14pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">POSITIVE
SCALES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Electromagnetic waves</span></b></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> of</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">very <u>high</u></span><u> <span class="hpsatn">wavelengths</span></u><span class="hpsatn"> (</span>above 10 <span class="hps">exp</span> <span class="hps">+<st1:metricconverter productid="30 meters" w:st="on">30 meters</st1:metricconverter>)</span> <span class="hps">that cross</span> <span class="hps">Our Universe.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 18.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Gravitational</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">Waves</span></span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">from</span> <span class="hps">Stochastic</span> <span class="hps">Funds</span>
<span class="hps">generated by</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps"><u>Big</u></span><u> <span class="hps">Bang</span> <span class="hps">of</span>
<span class="hps">other universes</span></u> <span class="hps">outside</span> <span class="hps">Our Universe.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 18.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Microwave Background</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">Radiation</span></span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">of the Universe</span> <span class="hps">treated with</span> <span class="hps">certain filters</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">computer
algorithms</span> <span class="hps">to detect</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">collisions</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">other</span> <span class="hps">bubbles</span></b><span class="hps"> out of</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>or <span class="hps">against</span>) <span class="hps">Our
Universe.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Other</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">waves generated by</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unknown</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">force fields</span></b> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>from other <span class="hps">universes</span>), <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">prevail</span>
<span class="hps">only on scales</span> <span class="hps">very</span> <span class="hps">high (above</span> <span class="hps">10 exp</span> <span class="hps">+<st1:metricconverter productid="30 meters" w:st="on">30 meters</st1:metricconverter>)</span>, <span class="hps">but</span> <span class="hps">their influence can</span> <span class="hps">be very</span> <span class="hps">weak in</span> <span class="hps">our
scales</span>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 14pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 14pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">NEGATIVE
SCALES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Electromagnetic waves</span></b></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> of</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">very <u>low</u></span><u> <span class="hpsatn">wavelengths</span></u><span class="hpsatn"> (</span>bellow 10 <span class="hps">exp</span> <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 meters" w:st="on"><span class="hps">-35 meters</span></st1:metricconverter>), <span class="hps">although
its scope</span> <span class="hps">can</span> <span class="hps">be very short</span>
<span class="hps">and difficult</span> <span class="hps">to detect.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Potential Waves</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">generated by</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Weak and Strong Fields</b>.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Other</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span class="hps">waves generated by</span> <span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unknown</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span class="hps">force fields</span></b>, <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">prevail</span> <span class="hps">only on scales</span> <span class="hps">very low</span> <span class="hpsatn">(</span>bellow 10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 meters" w:st="on"><span class="hps">-35 meters</span></st1:metricconverter>),
<span class="hps">but</span> <span class="hps">their influence can</span> <span class="hps">be very</span> <span class="hps">weak</span> <span class="hps">at
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IBPS Consultinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11112631113732524666noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-783534780590212053.post-72040101857358037072012-11-28T23:38:00.003+01:002014-03-31T22:27:08.287+02:00EL “ MATRIOSKA-VERSO ”<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #003300; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">EL</span></b><b><span style="color: #003300; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;"> “ MATRIOSKA-VERSO ”</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #003300; font-family: Arial;">(<a href="mailto:m-dimension@hotmail.com"><span style="color: #20124d;">m-dimension@hotmail.com</span></a><o:p></o:p>, 2012)</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime;">RESUMEN<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="color: #d9ead3;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Nuestro
Universo</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">
conocido (entre 10^-35 y 10^+<st1:metricconverter productid="27 metros" w:st="on">27
metros</st1:metricconverter>) no es más que una franja del espectro total de
escalas <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Global</b>, que, en principio puede ser infinito, tanto para
las escalas positivas como para las negativas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="color: #d9ead3;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Nuestro
Universo</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">
es una <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“burbuja”</b> más de las muchas
que hay en una escala superior a la nuestra, dentro del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Global,</b> y que también han tenido sus propios <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big-Bang</b> en diferentes momentos.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #d9ead3;">Aun qué las <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Leyes Fundamentales</b> subyacentes son las mismas para todos los
espectros y franjas del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Global</b>,
éstas se manifiestan de forma diferente a través de ellas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #d9ead3;">Para las diferentes franjas de los
espectros del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arco-iris 3D</b>, pueden
predominar diferentes ondas y estímulos, diferentes campos y fuerzas. Y pueden
formarse diferentes entidades y cuerpos. Pudiendo coexistir <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universos Paralelos </b>en los <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">diferentes niveles escalares</b> (También
dentro del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Volumen de Planck</b>).<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #d9ead3;">Los diversos <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Niveles de Escalas</b> se pueden considerar como <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sistemas Físicos Abiertos</b>, y ello significaría que podría haber un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">intercambio de energía entre ellos</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><strong><span style="color: yellow;"><u>UN VIAJE ALUCINANTE<o:p></o:p></u></span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Todos tenemos presente la película <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Un viaje alucinante”</b> (basada en la novela de Isaac Asimov de 1966)
en el que se reduce el tamaño de un submarino (Proteus) y de sus tripulantes (pura
literatura de ciencia ficción) para ser introducidos en el sistema circulatorio
sanguíneo de una persona y así poder subsanar la dolencia que ésta padece
(coágulo en el cerebro).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: cyan;"><span style="background-color: black;">ARGUMENTO:<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="background-color: black;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">El libro <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"Un
viaje alucinante</b>" (Richard Fleischer-1966) empieza con el accidente de
uno de los miembros más importantes del campo de la medicina. Debido a esta
causa, se forma un coágulo en su cerebro que debe ser eliminado para que </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">sobreviva, pero esta operación no se puede llevar a cabo
desde el exterior. </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Para realizarla deciden introducir un submarino en
miniatura dentro del </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">cuerpo, el submarino solo puede aguantar 60 minutos
antes de volver a su </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">estado normal. Para llevar a cabo esta misión deciden
elegir a sus mejores</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">expertos, éstos serán los que irán dentro del submarino,
también habrá </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">otros fuera para poder controlar el recorrido y hacer
algunas intervenciones<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="color: cyan;"><span style="background-color: black;">cuando sea necesario.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Es evidente que la película, que tiene en parte una base
científica, propia de Isaac Asimov (aunque sea una novela fantástica), también tiene
algunos errores científicos conceptuales importantes tanto desde el punto de
vista de la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">medicina/biología</b>, como
de la física <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mecánica: </b>Circulación
del submarino por la sangre<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>(diferencia
de densidad sangre y agua, visibilidad,…).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Pero posiblemente la paradoja más evidente, y posiblemente
la que menos capta el lector/espectador es que, por el solo hecho de que si se
reduce el cuerpo de una persona, se supone que se reducen también el de las
partes que la componen de igual forma (células, molécula, átomos, protones,…). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Como pueden coexistir en un mismo sistema elementos
equivalentes (Ejem.: molécula del agua) que tienen dimensiones muy diferentes
(de hasta 10 exp 5: 100.000 veces)?. Como se adaptaría el intruso minúsculo
dentro del universo al que se ha implantado?. Que leyes
físicas/químicas/biológicas serían aplicables (las micro, las macro o una
combinación de ambas), y como interactuarían entre ellas?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Esto es lo que podríamos denominar como <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Teoría de Sistemas</b> para diferentes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Escalas de Magnitud Espacial</b> (Dimensiones X-Y´Z).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">En física e ingeniería también existe
la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Teoría de los Modelos a Escala</b>
que permite simular, en prototipos a escalas reducidas, el comportamiento de
ciertas variables a partir de unos parámetros de partida para, posteriormente,
extrapolarlos a las dimensiones reales. Estableciéndose las correspondientes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Semejanzas modelo-prototipo (Geométrica,
Cinemática y Dinámica)</b> entre los modelos reales y a escala (cuyas
relaciones son siempre diferentes de uno).<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;"><u>EL NUEVO CONCEPTO
DEL UNIVERSO GLOBAL<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Aún con sus errores y paradojas, este libro/película nos presenta
una idea de lo que podrían ser los viajes entre diferentes escalas (potencias
de 10) de las dimensiones espaciales (X-Y-Z). Esto es lo que podríamos llamar <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Viajes Matrioskanos”</b> en referencia a
las famosas “Muñecas Rusas” llamadas Matrioska (Matryoshka).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Así mismo, también nos evidencia la dificultad y extrañeza
de estos viajes hacia escalas menores (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Potencias
negativas</b>: células, moléculas,…), donde no podemos viajar de otra forma que
no sea haciéndonos tan pequeños como la dimensión de la escala a donde queramos
viajar. En el caso de esta película la reducción es de 100.000 veces, pero si
queremos trasladarnos a la escala de los electrones, tendríamos que reducir
nuestro tamaño 1.000.000.000.000.000.000 veces (10 exp -18).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">En cambio los viajes hacia escalas mayores (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Potencias positivas: </b>galaxia,
universo,…) siempre los visionamos sin tener que cambiar de escala o dimensión.
Se supone que se utiliza una nave (inter-estelar o inter-galáctica) y que nos
movemos a velocidades extraordinarias (máximo la velocidad de la luz). Pero
nunca nos imaginamos viajando haciéndonos más grandes (aumentando nuestro
tamaño) al igual que lo hacemos en el caso de viajar hacia lo pequeño.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Si hacemos este esfuerzo y realizamos este cambio de
mentalidad (aunque el concepto en sí mismo no sea, en principio,
científicamente viable, al igual que no lo es el de hacernos pequeños) podemos visualizar
lo que podría ser un nuevo concepto / imagen del Universo Global<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">: </b>un<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Arco-iris en 3D </b>o unas<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Muñecas “Matrioska”.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">Así mismo, cuando concebimos o buscamos <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">seres de otras estrellas, galaxias o universos</b> (proyecto SETI,…),
nos los imaginamos de una escala humana. O, lo que es lo mismo, provenientes de la misma escala espacial que nosotros (los humanos).
Pero nunca nos los imaginamos que provengan de otra escala espacial diferente
(mayor o menor) a la nuestra. Que, en el caso de que ésta fuera muy diferente,
nos impediría visualizarlos o percibirlos.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></o:p></span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;"><u>LAS ESCALAS DEL
UNIVERSO<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Es muy normal visualizar las distintas <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Escalas del Universo</b> en potencias de 10 y tomando como medida base
el metro (ver tabla adjunta):<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Potencias Negativas</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: Para las escalas más pequeñas
(hasta 10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 metros" w:st="on">-35
metros</st1:metricconverter> para las “cuerdas” ).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Potencias Positivas</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: Para las escalas más grandes
(hasta 10 exp +<st1:metricconverter productid="30 metros" w:st="on">30
metros</st1:metricconverter> para los “multiversos”).</span> </li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 2.25pt solid windowtext; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">Ver link: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">http://www.microsiervos.com/archivo/ciencia/escala-universo-interactiva.html<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Nos podemos imaginar un Universo Global compuesto o dividido
en diferentes zonas (franjas, niveles, espectros, bandas,…) que formarían las diferentes
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Escalas Espaciales del Universo</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Partiendo de una dimensión de un METRO (siendo esta la
potencia 10 exp 0), a medida que vayamos aumentando positivamente el exponente
de 10 (1,2,….,n), iremos mostrando medidas mayores (10 exp 3 es <st1:metricconverter productid="1 km" w:st="on">1 km</st1:metricconverter>, 10 exp 9 es un millón de
km y 10 exp 16 es un Año-luz, la distancia que recorre la luz en un año).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Algunas dimensiones de referencia (en metros Exp. de 10):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: #20124d; color: yellow;">
</span><span style="background-color: #20124d; color: yellow;">
</span><span style="color: #20124d;">
</span><span style="color: #20124d;">
</span><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; margin: auto auto auto 49.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: silver; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: #20124d;">Concepto<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background: silver; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: #20124d;">Exp<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background: silver; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: #20124d;">Descubrimiento<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Hombre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Tierra<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">II AC (Eratóstenes midió diámetro)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sistema Solar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">XVI (Galileo y Kepler)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Galaxia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">XVIII (Herschel)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #20124d;">Universo<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #20124d;">(Lo más lejano detectado)<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #20124d;">27<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: #20124d;">XX
(Big-Bang de George Gamow)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Multiverso<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35 (¿)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Siglo XXI ¿ (por demostrar y percibir)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Si en cambio, hacemos el exponencial de 10 negativo, iremos
definiendo medidas menores (10 exp -3 es un milímetro, 10 exp -9 es un
Nanométro y 10 exp -35 es la Unidad de Planck).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Algunas dimensiones de referencia (en metros Exp. de 10):<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #20124d; color: yellow;">
</span><span style="background-color: #20124d; color: yellow;">
</span><span style="color: #4c1130;">
</span><span style="color: #4c1130;">
</span><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; margin: auto auto auto 49.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: silver; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: #20124d;"><span style="color: yellow;">Concepto<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background: silver; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: #20124d;"><span style="color: yellow;">Exp<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background: silver; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: #20124d;"><span style="color: yellow;">Descubrimiento<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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</div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Hombre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Célula /Glóbulo rojo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">-6/7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">XVII (Robert Hooke)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">ADN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">-9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">1953
(Francis Compton-James Dewey)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Molécula Agua<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">-10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">XIX (Amadeo Avogadro)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #4c1130;">Protón<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #4c1130; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;">(Lo más pequeño detectado)</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #4c1130;">-15<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #4c1130;">1919 (Ernest Rutherford)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Electrón/ Quark<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">-18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">1897 (JJ
Thomson) y1950 (M.Gell-Mann)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Neutrino<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">-24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1930 (<a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wolfgang Pauli</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.45pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Cuerda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.55pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">-35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.8pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Siglo XXI ¿ (por demostrar y percibir)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">El conocimiento de la composición y las leyes que rigen en
de los diferentes niveles de las escalas (tanto positivas como negativas) se
han ido descubriendo a través de los tiempos (Edades de la Historia) según los
avances científicos y tecnológicos iban avanzando. Los avances en grandes
dimensiones (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Física Clásica y
Relativista</b>) se han producido antes por su facilidad de ser observados
(durante los últimos cinco siglos), mientras que los de pequeñas dimensiones (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Física Biológica, Química y Cuántica</b>) se
han producido en su mayoría durante el Último siglo XX.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;"><u>LAS ZONAS/FRANJAS
DEL UNIVERSO GLOBAL<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">En cada una de estas zonas se supone que actúan o rigen<span style="color: red;"> </span>(en mayor o menor grado) unas leyes físicas,
que harían que el conjunto de elementos<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>y estructuras que lo formen cohabiten con una cierta armonía y lógica,
al igual que lo hace en nuestra propia zona o franja del Universo (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro Universo</b>) que podríamos decir
que abarca las escalas desde 10 exp -35 (Longitud o Escala de Planck, la menor
dimensión que permiten </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">los modelos de física actuales debido a la aparición de
efectos de gravedad cuántica</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a 10 exp +<st1:metricconverter productid="27 metros" w:st="on">27 metros</st1:metricconverter> (que es la
mayor longitud que se considera tiene Nuestro Universo).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">La observación visual o gráfica de estos elementos (tanto a
escalas positivas como negativas) precisa de sistemas de aumento óptico u otros
sistemas de detección de ondas (electromagnéticas,…)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39.6pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 39.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Telescopios</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> (ópticos, rayos X, infrarrojos,…)
para la observación de los cuerpos de grandes dimensiones a largas distancias
(captan ondas electromagnéticas). Los objetos más lejanos que se han podido
detectar son de 13.000 millones de años luz (10^+<st1:metricconverter productid="25 metros" w:st="on">25 metros</st1:metricconverter>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39.6pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 39.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Microscopios</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> (ópticos, electrónicos,
nucleares,…) para la observación de los cuerpos de pequeñas dimensiones a
distancias muy cortas. Los objetos más pequeños que se han podido detectar son
de 10^-<st1:metricconverter productid="15 metros" w:st="on">15 metros</st1:metricconverter>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">En ambos casos, aparte de la propia capacidad de aumento
(producido por las lentes), uno de los factores que dificultan su visión es la
falta de LUZ (u otras ondas) a medida que aumentamos la escala de visión. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Tanto en un caso como otro, se precisan de lentes de gran
aumento, y una mayor sofisticación de la tecnología o una larga exposición para
capturar la luz (onda electromagnética) precisa para ser vista o grabada. Y
hasta en algunos casos es preciso utilizar otros sistemas de detección de ondas
(Telescopio: rayos X, infrarrojos,… y en Microscopio: electrones, fuerzas,…)
para detectar mejor estos cuerpos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Es como si al alejarnos dentro de este <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Arco-iris 3D</u></b> (tanto en positivo como en negativo) desde
nuestra franja de referencia, nos quedáramos sin los estímulos (ondas) que
precisa el ser humano para observar o grabar una forma o cuerpo. Pasa lo mismo
que si nos alejamos en una dimensión espacial (X-Y-Z) que cada vez se ve más
pequeño y borroso un cuerpo o forma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Desde nuestro punto de observación, nosotros estamos en el
centro de nuestro espectro o banda del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo
Global</b> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro Universo</b>), en el
que a medida que las dimensiones o escalas de los cuerpos y entidades se alejan
más de nosotros, más difícil se nos hace observarlas y detectarlas. Y cuyos
límites se han ido ampliando a través de los tiempos, a medida en que la
ciencia y la tecnología han ido avanzando.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">En una entrevista realizada por <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eduardo Punset</b> al reputado físico astrónomo y divulgador <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stuart Clark (2012),</b> este último
comento: “...<i>Nuestra especie se halla <u>a medio camino</u> entre las
estructuras mas grandes y las mas pequeñas del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo </b>y somos muy afortunados porque ello nos sirve como plataforma
para observar al universo en todas sus dimensiones..</i>.”. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Según la teoría propuesta en el <u>presente
artículo</u> esta afirmación debería ser</b> : “...<i>Nuestra especie se halla <u>a
medio camino</u> entre las estructuras mas grandes y las mas pequeñas del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Conocido</b> porque, desde el
espectro escalar de referencia en que nos encontramos, es lo que nuestra
tecnología y conocimientos nos permite observar y conocer. Pero es muy posible que,
en un futuro esta franja escalar se ensanchará en ambas direcciones y nos permitirá
observar y conocer al universo en más amplias dimensiones..</i>.”</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;"><u>OTROS UNIVERSOS EN OTRAS
ESCALAS ESPACIALES<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Durante muchos siglos la humanidad ha supuesto que el Universo
era la Tierra (plana o no) y una bóveda celeste (con estrellas y planetas) que
daba vueltas alrededor, donde la propia tierra era el centro del Universo sobre
la cual giraba el resto de cuerpos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Algo parecido nos sucede ahora, donde suponemos que la zona
(franja, nivel, espectro, escala,…) donde nosotros estamos dentro del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Global</b> es la única real, pero podrían
existir otros Universos en otras franjas o zonas dentro de este <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arco-iris 3D,</b> que podrían tener sus propias
leyes físicas, así como otros tipos de formas o cuerpos, y hasta, porqué no,
otros seres vivos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Si nos imaginamos (como una alegoría) que un Electrón es el
equivalente a la Tierra dando vueltas alrededor del Núcleo de un átomo, como la
Tierra las da alrededor del Sol, ¿Como veríamos nuestro Universo <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">si viviéremos en este electrón</b>? ¿Nos
imaginaríamos que formamos parte de otro cuerpo o ser? Por mucho que viajáramos
con una nave espacial de estas dimensiones (10 exp -20), sería muy difícil que
pudiéramos observar el cuerpo del que formamos parte. Sería difícil tener una
perspectiva adecuada. O de recibir las ondas (o información precisa) para
visualizar o capturar la información requerida.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Posiblemente a esta escala<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">potencias negativas</b>) existen
otro tipo de ondas muy pequeñas (tanto en frecuencia como en alcance), indetectables
para nosotros ahora. Estas ondas son las que seríamos capaces de detectar si
estuviéramos viviendo en un electrón, y, evidentemente, las ondas que nosotros
entendemos por LUZ (electromagnéticas del espectro óptico) serían indetectables
para nosotros y para los instrumentos que dispondríamos en estas dimensiones
(10 exp -20).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">En esta escala de potencias negativas prevalecen los <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">campos (fuerzas) débil y fuerte</b>, con el
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">electromagnético</b>, mientras que el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">campo gravitatorio</b> tiene una menor
influencia. Y su funcionamiento se puede explicar actualmente mediante los
modelos de la<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Física Cuántica</b> y los modelos matemáticos de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Neumann</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">En estas escalas es un Universo en el que coexisten
entidades como los fotones, bosones, gravitón, neutrino, positrón, etc. Y en el
que existe una <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dualidad entre ondas y
partículas,</b> en el que la materia, tal como la conocemos o percibimos,
pierde su sentido. Y donde el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Principio
de Incertidumbre</b> (de Heisenberg) es su esencia más representativa (al menos
observado desde nuestra escala).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">La nueva teoría CDT (Causal Dynamical Triangulation) propone
que <span class="hps">el espacio-tiempo</span> <span class="hps">puede</span> <span class="hps">ser de </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dos dimensiones
(1 espacial y el Tiempo)</b> cerca de la <span class="hps">escala de Planck,</span>
<span class="hps">y revela una</span> <span class="hps">estructura</span> <span class="hps">fractal en</span> <span class="hps">porciones de tiempo</span> <span class="hps">constante.</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Donde la
dinámica escoge una dimensión especial preferente de entre las tres posibles.
Esta dimensión preferente estaría determinada clásicamente y entonces sería
alternada al azar por los procesos físicos que estén operando a esas escalas”</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Carlip, 2012).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Para la civilización que, hipotéticamente, pudiera existir
en estas escalas negativas, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">la escala
temporal también podría ser muy diferente </b>a la de nuestra escala de
referencia o la de nuestra escala humana. Posiblemente <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">el nacimiento y final de una raza o civilización</b> en una escala 10^-<st1:metricconverter productid="20 metros" w:st="on">20 metros</st1:metricconverter> duraría un tiempo
proporcional equivalente al de nuestra escala (Por ejemplo, la raza humana:
10^-20 x 100.000 años = 10^-15 años = 10^-8 segundos = 10 nanosegundos).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Así mismo, podemos extrapolar esta experiencia hacia las
escalas de grandes dimensiones (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">potencias
positivas</b>). Imaginemos (como una alegoría) que una galaxia es una especie
de célula (neurona) de un Ser Superior, y que la interacción entre esta especie
de neurona (galaxia) con otras galaxias (neuronas) configuran un pensamiento (conjunto
de bits) de este Ser Superior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">En esta escala de potencias positivas prevalecen los <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">campos (fuerzas) gravitatorio</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>y el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">electromagnético</b>,
mientras que los <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">campos (fuerzas) débil
y fuerte</b> tienen una menor influencia, o prácticamente nula. Y su
funcionamiento se puede explicar actualmente mediante los modelos físicos de
la<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Teoría
de la Relatividad </b>(Relatividad Especial y General de Albert Einstein) y los
modelos matemáticos de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Riemann</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">En estas escalas es un Universo en el que coexisten
entidades como los agujeros negros, galaxias, nebulosas, etc. Y en el que
existe una <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dualidad entre materia y
energía, y entre espacio y tiempo.</b> Y, en el que, la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">velocidad de la luz</b>, como una constante y un valor límite de
Nuestro Universo, toma todo su protagonismo. Y donde las <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Teorías del Big-Bang</b> y de la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Expansión
Isotrópica</b> de Nuestro Universo son su esencia más representativa (al menos
observado desde nuestra escala).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Para la civilización que, hipotéticamente, pudiera existir
en estas escalas positivas, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">la escala
temporal también podría ser muy diferente </b>a la de nuestra escala de
referencia o la de nuestra escala humana. Posiblemente la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">transmisión de un estímulo entre una neurona (galaxia) a otra neurona
(galaxia) </b>en una escala de 10^+<st1:metricconverter productid="20 metros" w:st="on">20 metros</st1:metricconverter> duraría un tiempo proporcional
equivalente al de nuestra escala (10^+20 x 1 microsegundo = 10^+14 segundos =
10^+7 años = 10 millones de años).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Para un observador que estuviera en cualquiera de estas dos
escalas (electrón o macro-neurona), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Su
Universo</b> sería o parecería otro, y abarcaría otros espectros o bandas del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Global</b>. En estos otros
espectros del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arco-iris 3D</b>, como
hemos visto, predominan otras modelos y patrones, así como, predominan otras
ondas y estímulos, otros campos y fuerzas, otras entidades y cuerpos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Si hacemos referencia a la alegoría del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arco-iris 3D</b>, podríamos decir que el universo del electrón estaría en
el <u>“espectro azul”</u>, mientras el de la neurona estaría en el <u>“espectro
amarillo”</u>, mientras que <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro
Universo</b> estaría en medio, en el <u>“espectro verde”</u> .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Esta última, sería nuestra franja, la que puede explicarse
fácilmente mediante los modelos matemáticos y físicos de Euclides, Newton y
Maxwell. En la que todo parece normal y toma su sentido lógico. Donde nuestro
cerebro y nuestros sentidos se encuentran cómodos, porqué han evolucionado para
subsistir en ella: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>“La Franja o
Espectro Verde”.</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;"><u>NUESTRO UNIVERSO ES
UN MODELO VIRTUAL<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Al igual que les pasaba a nuestros ancestros, somos esclavos
de la información que recibimos por los sentidos (vista, oído, olfato, gusto y
tacto) y procesamos esta información según los conocimientos que disponemos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">El Universo tal como lo conocemos o percibimos es un modelo
(ilusión) virtual que configura nuestro cerebro a partir de los estímulos que
recibimos de él a través de nuestros sentidos (vista, oído, olfato, gusto y
tacto). Dichos sentidos se han ido desarrollando y evolucionando vía la
Selección Natural para nuestra supervivencia según los estímulos que existen en
Nuestro Universo (ondas electromagnéticas, ondas de presión,…), así como en
otros animales se han desarrollado otros sentidos según otro tipo de estímulos (ondas
ultrasonido,…).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Podríamos imaginarnos a seres (algunos ya existen) que
tuvieran órganos (sentidos) sensibles a otro tipo de estímulos tales como los
Rayos X, Rayos Infrarrojos o Ultravioleta, Ondas de Radio, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Pero parece evidente que los estímulos pueden ser diferentes
en cada franja o zona del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo
Global</b>. No habrán los mismos estímulos (ondas,…) a escalas cuánticas
(<10 -10="-10" a="a" escalas="escalas" exp="exp" grandes="grandes" que="que"> 10 exp +10). Y aún serán más
diferentes a escalas mucho más lejanas de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro
Universo </b>(escalas menores de 10 exp -50 y mayores de 10 exp +50), aunque
estas escalas se nos hagan difíciles de asimilar, y hasta, según los modelos
científicos y físicos actuales, no sean viables.<o:p></o:p><!--10--></10></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Por otra parte, si tenemos en cuenta que un átomo mide en
promedio 1 Ångström (1 Å= 10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-10 metros" w:st="on">-10 metros</st1:metricconverter>) y un núcleo mide 10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-14 metros" w:st="on">-14 metros</st1:metricconverter>, implica que
el núcleo de un átomo (que es donde está la masa) tiene un diámetro 10.000
veces más pequeño que el átomo en sí. Si el átomo tuviera un diámetro de <st1:metricconverter productid="100 metros" w:st="on">100 metros</st1:metricconverter> (un campo de
futbol) el núcleo mediría <st1:metricconverter productid="1 cent■metro" w:st="on">1
centímetro</st1:metricconverter> (un botón). Visto de otra forma, en un átomo
caben 10.000.000 (10 exp 7) núcleos. Por lo que <u>por cada 1 volumen de masa
hay 10.000.000 de vacío (sin masa)</u>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Por lo cual, lo que nosotros percibimos o reconocemos como
formas de<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <u>Materia</u></b> del
Universo (cuerpos) como estímulo del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sentido
del tacto</b>, no son más que formas prácticamente vacías (con un volumen de
masa por cada 10.000.000 de vacío), pero con cargas eléctricas (positivas y
negativas), que son las que realmente nos dan la sensación (tacto) de consistencia
de los cuerpos o de los distintos estados de la materia (sólida, líquida y
gaseosa). Dichas cargas eléctricas son las que impiden que los cuerpos sólidos
de traspasen. Si pudiéramos neutralizar las cargas eléctricas de un cuerpo
(pelota), este podría, con mayor o menor dificultad, traspasar otro cuerpo
sólido (las paredes).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Y, si tenemos en cuenta que los<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <u>Colores</u>,</b> que son los que nos permiten visualizar y hacernos
una composición espacial de las formas del Universo que nos rodean (mediante el
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sentido de la vista</b>), no son más que
ondas electromagnéticas que van del rojo (700 nm = 7 10 exp -7) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al violeta (400 nm = 4 10 exp -7), y que son
producidas al alterarse las orbitas de los electrones en las moléculas por excitación
de los fotones al chocar con ellas. Si no llegan fotones (LUZ) no se emiten
ondas EM y no se ve el cuerpo (es la oscuridad). Según la molécula, se producen
diferentes ondas EM dando los diversos colores que vemos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Todo ello nos refleja una visión un tanto virtual del
Universo en el que vivimos, y del que nos hacemos una composición según los
estímulos que recibimos. Es muy parecido a lo que podría ser un programa
informático, al estilo <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Second Life”</b>,
o cualquier juego virtual en 3D, donde en lo más pequeño nos encontramos con
los <u>“Pixeles” </u>de luces (a más pequeños mayor calidad de definición), y
en lo más grande hemos de definir límites estableciendo <u>bucles</u> para que
el usuario no los perciba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Extraordinaria es la escena de la película <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Nivel <st1:metricconverter productid="13”" w:st="on">13”</st1:metricconverter></b> (dirigida por Josef Rusnak en1999) en
la que el protagonista descubre que esta dentro de un programa virtual
informático.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;"><u>LAS LEYES FUNDAMENTALES
SE MANIFIESTAN DE FORMA DIFERENTE A TRAVÉS DEL ARCOIRIS 3D<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Somos pura energía
adecuadamente conjuntada y armonizada</span></u></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> por los <u>Principios y Leyes Fundamentales</u>
físicas que subyacen en el Universo. Pero estas leyes, se manifiestan de forma
diferente a través de los diferentes espectros y franjas del<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arco-iris
3D.</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Los diferentes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Campos
de Fuerzas</b> conocidos (Débil, Fuerte, Electromagnético y Gravitatorio) rigen
o predominan de diferente forma a través de estos espectros o zonas (Escala) del
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arco-iris 3D. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Ello ha obligado a utilizar diferentes
modelos y patrones para poderlas explicar e interpretar<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>mejor<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> (Físicas Clásica,
Cuántica y Relativista, y Matemáticas de Euclides, Neumann y Riemann).<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Podemos aceptar o convenir que las <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Leyes Fundamentales</b> y subyacentes del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Global </b>son (o pueden ser) las mismas para todos los
espectros y franjas, aunque éstas se manifiesten de forma diferente a través de
ellas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">De esta forma, estas manifestaciones de las leyes físicas de
los diferentes niveles no serán independientes entre sí, sino más bien
dependientes y congruentes las unas con las otras, de forma que se puedan establecer
modelos y teorías que engloben varias zonas o espectros, como la Mecánica
Cuántica, la Teoría de la Relatividad, o últimamente la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Teoría M.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Y podríamos suponer o extrapolar que en algunas de estas diferentes
zonas pueden existir <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universos Paralelos</b>
que se rijan por las manifestaciones de las leyes y principios fundamentales
propios del nivel. Pudiendo coexistir otros campos, ondas,<span style="color: navy;"> </span>formas, entidades y seres (vivos o no). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">De la misma forma que si en un <u>Universo Plano</u> de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tres Dimensiones (dos espaciales X, Y y el Tiempo),</b>
apareciera la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cuarta Dimensión (espacial
Z)</b>. Si suponemos una hoja de un libro como este <u>Universo Plano</u> en el
que se mueven seres por su superficie X-Y, todas y cada una de las hojas de un
libro podrían ser un universo plano diferente (Universos Paralelos), y podrían haber
tantos universos como hojas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Si vemos el diagrama que representan los distintos espectros
(franjas, zonas, niveles,…) desde la escala 10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-1000 a" w:st="on">-1000 a</st1:metricconverter> 10 exp +1000 en
intervalos de 10 exp 100, nos podemos hacer una idea de lo <u>inmenso que puede
ser el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Global</b> comparado con
el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Nuestro</b></u> (conocido)
que se mueve sólo en la franja central (de 10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-50 a" w:st="on">-50 a</st1:metricconverter> 10 exp +50) del que,
como mucho, realmente llegamos a conocer o intuir desde 10 exp -35 (cuerdas) hasta
10 exp +35 (multiversos).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Evidentemente estos conceptos no se limitan exactamente a
estas fronteras, sino que estas franjas o espectros de colores deben verse y
entenderse que varían de una forma gradual (como <u>los colores del arco iris</u>)
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">y sin límites</b>. Donde habrán unos efectos
que solo abarcarán una parte de una franja (ondas de presión de aire, olas
marítimas,…), y otros que abarcarán varios niveles (ondas electromagnéticas,
campo gravitatorio,…).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Si fuera correcta esta propuesta sobre un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Global</b> formado de diferentes
franjas o espectros como un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arco-iris en
3D</b>, entonces podrían existir ondas electromagnéticas en otras escalas que
no serían actualmente detectables por nuestros sistemas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: navy; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Tanto a <u>niveles grandes</u> (por ejemplo en escalas
de <u>10 exp +<st1:metricconverter productid="100 metros" w:st="on">100
metros</st1:metricconverter></u>), que seguramente estarían
constantemente atravesando <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro
Universo</b>, aunque no las podríamos detectar (¿o sí?). Podrían estar
traspasándonos ondas electromagnéticas de 10^+<st1:metricconverter productid="100 metros" w:st="on">100 metros</st1:metricconverter> de
longitud de onda, indetectables para los instrumentos y tecnologías que
disponemos actualmente. Y , porqué no, de 10^+<st1:metricconverter productid="1000 metros" w:st="on">1000 metros</st1:metricconverter>?.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Como
a <u>niveles pequeños</u> (por ejemplo en escalas de <u>10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-100 metros" w:st="on">-100 metros</st1:metricconverter></u>),
que, considerando sus altos niveles de energía, posiblemente tendrían un
alcance muy corto (dentro de su propia escala).</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Así mismo, como ya hemos indicado anteriormente, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>a estas escalas podrían existir otro
tipo de ondas (y campos de fuerza)</u></b>, que son actualmente totalmente
desconocidas para nosotros, y que serían propias del modelo del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sistema Físico (Abierto)</b> propio de
estas escalas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Si consideramos que los diversos <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Niveles de Escalas</b> se pueden considerar como <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sistemas Físicos Abiertos</b>, ello significaría que podría haber un
intercambio de energía entre ellos. O sea que <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro Universo</b> conocido podría absorber o ceder energía de otros
niveles escalares, inferiores o superiores, sin contradecir la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Segunda Ley de la Termodinámica </b>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“la energía no se crea ni se destruye, solo
se transforma” </i>o <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>cambia a otro Nivel o Sistema Escalar !!!</u></i></b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">
</span>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;"><u>LOS LÍMITES DE
NUESTRO UNIVERSO<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Aunque en la actualidad los científicos están más abiertos
que antes a aceptar o considerar (al menos no rechazar fácilmente) cualquier
propuesta o teoría que salga de las directrices habituales, siempre hay (y es
normal) cierta reticencia a su consideración y, aún más, a su aprobación y
difusión.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Parece ser que, para ser coherente con los modelos físicos
actuales, Nuestro Universo tiene unos límites dentro de este <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arco-iris 3D</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Un
límite inferior</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">:
la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Escala de Planck</b> de
aproximadamente 10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 metros" w:st="on">-35
metros</st1:metricconverter> (la longitud estimada de las Supercuerdas).<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></i>Una
medida inferior previsiblemente no puede ser tratada adecuadamente en los
modelos de física actuales debido a la aparición de efectos de gravedad
cuántica.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Un
límite superior</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">:
la propia dimensión de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro
Universo</b> conocido de aproximadamente 10 exp +<st1:metricconverter productid="27 metros" w:st="on">27 metros</st1:metricconverter>.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Por lo que nuestra <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Franja
o Zona conocida del Universo Global</b> tiene un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>orden de magnitud “escalar”</u></b> total de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">10 exp +62</b>, menor a un Gúgol o “Googol” (10 exp +100).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Según las Teorías Científicas aceptadas actualmente, se
considera a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro Universo</b> como un
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sistema Físico Cerrado</b> y en continua
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Expansión “acelerada” Isotrópica</b>. Lo
que lleva a la <u>incongruencia </u>de precisar de una <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Energía Oscura</b> que explique esta expansión, así como a tener que
aceptar que dicha <u>velocidad de expansión puede ser <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">superior</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>a la velocidad de la luz</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Quién sabe <u>si se considerara <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro Universo</b> como un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sistema
Físico Abierto</b></u> si estas incongruencias se podrían solventar (¿).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="border: 2.25pt solid windowtext; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;">La <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Expansión Isotrópica</b> se puede entender fácilmente si pensamos en 4
monedas (A, B, C y<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>D) separadas <st1:metricconverter productid="5 cm" w:st="on">5 cm</st1:metricconverter> a las que cada 10
segundos las separamos <st1:metricconverter productid="5 cm" w:st="on">5 cm</st1:metricconverter>
más. En el instante inicial la separación entre A y D sería de <st1:metricconverter productid="20 cm" w:st="on">20 cm</st1:metricconverter>. Pero al cabo de 1
minuto sería de <st1:metricconverter productid="240 cm" w:st="on">240 cm</st1:metricconverter>,
mientra que la velocidad de separación entre ellas es solo de <st1:metricconverter productid="30 cm" w:st="on">30 cm</st1:metricconverter> por minuto. Si
imaginamos esta idea teniendo en cuenta las magnitudes de cantidad de estrellas
y galaxias que existen en el Universo, y las velocidades se separación, se
podrá entender porque se supone que la velocidad total de expansión del
universo puede ser superior a la velocidad de la luz.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;">Una propiedad de la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Expansión Isotrópica</b> es que desde
cualquier lugar del Universo veremos que los objetos (estrellas, galaxias,…) se
distancian de nosotros a una velocidad proporcional a la distancia a la que
están alejadas de nosotros. Luego si pusiéramos una limitación a la velocidad
de expansión (Ejem. La velocidad de la luz), esto implicaría que a cierta
distancia la expansión se pararía. Si miráramos desde la Tierra en todas
direcciones tendríamos una frontera donde pararía la expansión, y nosotros (la
Tierra estaría en el centro). Cosa que sería muy extraña y muy casual.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">El telescopio espacial Hubble detectó durante 2003 y 2004 la
zona denominada el <b>Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble</b> (<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Hubble Ultra Deep Field</span></b> o <b>HUDF</b>),
donde se divisan lo que se cree que fueron las primeras galaxias tras el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big Bang</b>, y que se supone que se
encuentran a más de 13.000 millones de años luz de nosotros. Por lo que son los
objetos más lejanos jamás observados por el ser humano.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Según la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Teoría de la
Expansión Isotrópica del Universo</b> (que se expande por igual y a la misma
velocidad en todas sus direcciones y zonas), <u>no existe un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Centro del Universo</b></u> donde se
generara el Big-Bang, <u>ni existen unos <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">límites
o fronteras</b> exteriores</u> de Nuestro Universo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Por lo que se ha divisado en el HUDF se supone que también
se puede observar en cualquier dirección en la que miremos (de hecho parece que
ya se han realizado fotografías de otras zonas del Universo con galaxias
similares a las del HUDF). Luego el <u>HUDF no nos enfoca hacia el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Centro del Universo</b> o al punto del
Big-Bang.<span style="color: navy;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Es interesante entender la diferencia que hay entre <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro Universo</b> (conocido) y Nuestro <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Observable</b>. Debido a que la
expansión isotrópica se produce a una velocidad superior a la de la luz, se
supone que <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro Universo</b>
(conocido) puede tener un diámetro de 90.000 millones de años luz. Mientras
que, como se produjo aproximadamente hace 14.000 millones de años, el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Observable</b> será una esfera con
un diámetro de 28.000 millones de años luz, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>dentro de Nuestro Universo</u></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Así mismo, y según las actuales Teorías Físicas convencionales,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro Universo</b> no tiene ni centro,
ni fronteras, ni límites exteriores. <u>No tiene una forma morfológica en 3D
determinada</u>. A estas escalas debemos hablar de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">formas de espacio-tiempo en 4D</b>, que se nos hacen difíciles de
asimilar por nuestro cerebro, y que sólo son modelables matemáticamente
(Ecuaciones de Friemann y Variedades o “Manifolds” de Riemann). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Donde se presentan varias alternativas posibles (Universo de
espacio-tiempo Plano, Cerrado/Esférico o Abiérto/Hiperbólico). Y en el caso de
que el Universo fuera Plano (que es el que se considera más factible), la forma
espacio-tiempo de 4D del Universo podría ser un 4D<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Toro de Möbius</b> o una 4D <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Botella
de Klein</b> que no dejan de ser formas 4D que realizan la función de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sistema 4D de Bucle Cerrado</b> (bucle del
espacio-tiempo que impide que nada pueda salir de este “volumen 4D” de
espacio-tiempo). No es ni más ni menos que lo que hacemos para limitar los
programas de juegos informáticos de 3D, para no sobrepasar nunca a sus límites,
y sin darte cuenta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">El hecho que hace preveer que el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro Universo Conocido</b> se presente en estas formas 4D tan
complejas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>y no como una esfera o, como
mucho, como una nube irregular, que es lo que parecería más lógico, es debido a
que se considera <u>que en estas dimensiones el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Espacio-Tiempo</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">se colapsa
sobre sí mismo </b>debido a la enorme <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fuerza
de la Gravedad</b></u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">A pesar de todo ello, y de esta forma 4D quien sabe si algún
día podríamos detectar objetos del exterior de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro Universo</b>, o hasta poder escapar de este fastidioso <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sistema 4D de Bucle Cerrado</b> en el que
estamos. Aunque para visionar este Universo desde fuera, posiblemente nuestro
cerebro debería ser capaz de asimilar y comprender las formas 4D.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Una forma de entender los <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sistemas de bucle cerrado</b> es nuestro propio planeta (La Tierra).
Durante muchos siglos y miles de años la humanidad consideró que vivía sobre
una <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tierra Plana</b> (infinita o no, en
los que el agua del mar se derramaba en sus límites). Y donde el Sol. La Luna,
los planetas y las estrellas giraban a su alrededor. Ahora sabemos que es
esférica, y que si andamos recto en cualquier dirección, tras <st1:metricconverter productid="40.000 Km" w:st="on">40.000 km</st1:metricconverter> volveremos al
mismo lugar. Este es un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bucle cerrado de
2D </b><u>curvado en un espacio 3D</u><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Nuestro cerebro (como todo nuestro cuerpo) ha evolucionado
para subsistir y comprender la franja o nivel de escala en la que vivimos (como
mucho entre 10^-10 y 10^+<st1:metricconverter productid="10 metros" w:st="on">10
metros</st1:metricconverter>, entre las moléculas y el sistema solar). Para
comprender las escalas superiores e inferiores debe hacer un esfuerzo
suplementario, y apoyarse en modelos matemáticos, que a veces, son totalmente
imposibles de comprender o visualizar por nuestro cerebro. <u>Son estas
dimensiones de entre 10^-<st1:metricconverter productid="30 a" w:st="on">30 a</st1:metricconverter>
10^+ 30 los límites que nuestro cerebro será capaz de asimilar</u>?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Para entender mejor lo que se ha expuesto, podemos poner el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ejemplo de una hormiga</b>. Está su cerebro
preparado para entender que la Tierra es redonda? Y cual es su comprensión
cuando un humano la toca o impide el paso? Para ella esto lo considerará un
fenómeno de la naturaleza, como un terremoto o un huracán.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Durante mucho tiempo se consideraron muchas nebulosas o galaxias
visibles a simple vista como simples estrellas o nebulosas, respectivamente,
hasta que los instrumentos nos permitieron discernirlos, y, a partir de allí,
se detectaron muchas galaxias más. Actualmente se consideran que hay en Nuestro
Universo tantas galaxias (10 exp 11) como estrellas (10 exp 11) en nuestra
galaxia (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vía Láctea</b>). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Quien sabe si algún día, seamos capaces de detectar otros objetos
u universos fuera de las fronteras u horizontes de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro Universo</b>. O que detectemos ondas o cualquier otro tipo de estímulos,
que provinieran de fuera de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro
Universo</b>, y de fuera de este <u>cerrado laberinto 4D</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sería <u>absurdo pensar que los límites conocidos
actualmente del Universo son sus límites absolutos</u>. Ello implicaría que
casi conocemos todas las leyes físicas del Universo, y, según el sentido común,
es más factible que estemos al inicio de conocerlo, y <u>todavía nos falte
mucho más por descubrir y comprender</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span class="hpsatn"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">"</span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">¿Por qué conformarse <span class="hps">con</span> <span class="hps">los modelos </span><span class="hpsatn">y
patrones</span><span class="hps"> conocidos</span><span class="hpsatn"> de</span> <span class="hps">las leyes fundamentales</span> subyacentes de<span class="hps"> Nuestro
Universo,</span> <span class="hps">si</span> <span class="hps">podríamos</span> <span class="hps">entenderlos</span> <span class="hps">mejor si los pudiéramos</span> <span class="hps">descifrar</span> <span class="hps">desde fuera de sus</span> <span class="hps">límites?</span>" <span class="hps">(El sentido</span> <span class="hps">común)</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><strong><span style="color: orange;">TEORÍA DE KALUZA-KLEIN: LA EXISTENCIA DE NUEVAS DIMENSIONES
ESPACIALES<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></i></div>
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</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;">Los matemáticos Theodor
Kaluza (1919) y Oskar Klein (1926) propusieron una Teoría que supone la <u>existencia
de más dimensiones espaciales</u> (a las tres conocidas X-Y-Z) <u>enrolladas</u>
sobre estas a escalas muy pequeñas (Dimensión de Planck). Dichas <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dimensiones</b> circulares serían unas
direcciones <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nuevas e independientes</b>.
Al igual que si miramos una manguera desde cierta distancia parece que solo
tenga dos dimensiones, pero al acercarnos vemos que tiene otra que conforma su
superficie exterior. Según la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Teoría de
Cuerdas</b>, estas dimensiones adicionales serían 6, y deberían estas
enrolladas en una forma de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Calabi-Yau 6D</b>.
Dicha teoría podría ser compatible con la CDT (Causal Dynamical Triangulation).<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;">Para nuestra escala,
estas dimensiones no nos afectan, ni las podemos apreciar. Pero para unos
hipotéticos habitantes de estas dimensiones tan pequeñas, tomarían todo su
sentido y protagonismo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;">Nos podríamos plantear
si la forma <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">espacio-tiempo de 4D de
Nuestro Universo</b> (4D<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Toro de Möbius</b>
o una 4D <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Botella de Klein) </b>no sería
más que otro tipo similar a estas dimensiones enrolladas de Kaluza-Klein)pero
para grandes dimensiones (Sistema 4D de Bucle Cerrado). De forma que si
saliéramos de Nuestro Universo, ciertas dimensiones que nosotros detectamos
dentro, dejarían de tener vigencia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;">Es como si afirmáramos
que<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> las dimensiones son diferentes según
las escalas espaciales de referencia </b>en las que nos encontremos</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;"><u>BUSQUEDA DE
EVIDENCIAS SOBRE EL ARCO-IRIS 3D<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Toda nueva propuesta científica debe ser adecuadamente <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">probada (experimentalmente) o demostrada (teóricamente)</b>
para pasar a ser aceptada de forma oficial por la comunidad científica, y es
evidente que hasta la fecha no existen evidencias (ni experimentales ni
teóricas) que prueben o demuestren este nuevo modelo de universo (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arco-iris 3D</b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">El objetivo del presente artículo es simplemente proponer
una idea o propuesta a tenerse en cuenta, y que ofrece un escenario/enfoque más
amplio del que actualmente tenemos de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro
Universo</b> conocido. El reconocer/aceptar la posibilidad de la
certeza/viabilidad de esta propuesta, facilitaría el que se definan y
planifiquen los ensayos y formulaciones oportunas para obtener las pruebas o
demostraciones que lo certifiquen o lo rebatan. Por el contrario, si sólo nos
ceñimos a lo conocido, y <u>nos supeditamos a los límites aceptados
actualmente, difícilmente saldremos de ellos</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">La <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">forma (experimental)
más evidente de probar esta propuesta</b>, sería el poder <u>detectar señales
(ondas) propias de estas franjas interiores y exteriores</u> a la banda
espectral de Nuestro Universo. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Para los <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">límites
exteriores</b> parece, dentro de su complejidad, más aceptable la posibilidad
de detectar señales </span><u><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">conocidas</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> (ondas) externas o evidencias sobre
la existencia de otras entidades o Universos. Y parece más posible </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">que
algún día podamos ser capaces de detectar ciertas <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ondas Electromagnéticas, </b>o las enigmáticas <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ondas Gravitatorias/ Gravitacionales,</b> que provinieran del exterior
de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro Universo</b>.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Si suponemos que <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro
Universo</b> es uno más de entre los millones de otros posibles Universos, las
posibles <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ondas Electromagnéticas</b> y <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gravitacionales</b> generadas por los
Big-Bang de estos otros Universos (generados con anterioridad al Nuestro), <u>podrían
estar atravesando Nuestro Universo actualmente</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sin embargo, para </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">los <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">límites interiores</b> parece</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> más complejo,
debido a que las únicas señales <u>conocidas</u> que podríamos detectar son las
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ondas Electromagnéticas</b> de longitud
de onda inferior a la Dimensión de Planck,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>que tendrán una <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">energía muy elevada</b>
y seguramente un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alcance muy corto. </b>Por
lo que, su posible detección, parece muy difícil.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</u></b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;">Ondas Electromagnéticas<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Una señal <u>conocida</u> que nos permitiría validar la propuesta
son las <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Ondas Electromagnéticas</u></b>,
que pueden interactuar en las diversas franjas espectrales, desde las más
pequeñas (<10 productid="35 metros" st1:metricconverter="st1:metricconverter" w:st="on">35
metros<!--10--></10></span></div>
, la longitud de Planck), a las más grandes
(>10^+<st1:metricconverter productid="26 metros" w:st="on">26 metros</st1:metricconverter>,
la longitud de Nuestro Universo).<o:p></o:p><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Pero la existencia de estas ondas ¿<u>significaría
(implicaría) que se originaron y provienen del exterior</u> de la franja de
Universo que conocemos? ¿Una onda EM de longitud de onda inferior a 10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 metros" w:st="on">-35 metros</st1:metricconverter> debe provenir
obligatoriamente de escales menores a esta dimensión?, o ¿también podrían ser
generadas dentro de Nuestro Universo conocido?. Las mismas preguntas nos las
podríamos hacer sobre las ondas de EM superiores a 10 exp +<st1:metricconverter productid="26 metros" w:st="on">26 metros</st1:metricconverter>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Si nos imaginamos de nuevo la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alegoría de que un Electrón es el equivalente a la Tierra</b> dando
vueltas alrededor del Núcleo de un átomo, como la Tierra las da alrededor del
Sol, y que unos <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">seres inteligentes
pudieran vivir en esta escala</b> con una tecnología equivalente a la nuestra,
¿serían capaces de <u>crear ondas de radio de FM</u>? Y si no lo fueran,
¿serian <u>capaces de detectar ondas de FM</u> provenientes de unas escalas
superiores?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Para los campos EM de pequeñas dimensiones, tenemos el
problema la <u>alta energía de estas ondas</u>, en las que una sola onda
(fotón) con la longitud de onda de Planck (10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 metros" w:st="on">-35 metros</st1:metricconverter>), lleva la
energía de alrededor de 3 toneladas de TNT.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Así que para detectar
este tipo de radiación electromagnética, nos deberíamos esconder en un refugio
(bunker) y esperar a que se produjera una explosión muy fuerte. Otro problema
es que posiblemente las ondas de estas dimensiones, tendrían <u>un alcance muy
corto</u>, que nos dificultaría su detección.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Así mismo, para detectar ondas de grandes dimensiones, también
llamadas<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>ELF<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(“Extrem Low Frecuency”</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">)</i> o incorrectamente <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“DC EM waves”</b> (“Direct Current EM waves”, o ondas EM de CC,
corriente continua), dado que casi se pueden considerar ondas planas para
nuestra escala, tendríamos el problema contrario, la <u>baja energía</u> de las
mismas. En estas ondas (casi sin frecuencia para nuestra escala) la energía de
los fotones se acercaría a cero. Aunque su <u>alcance podría ser muy largo</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Las <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ondas
electromagnéticas de longitud de onda de 10 exp +10</b>, es una frecuencia de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">30 MHz</b> (Esto es sólo una onda cada 30
segundos, nada especial en realidad, similar a la frecuencia de las resonancias
magnéticas de campo de línea en la magnetosfera de la Tierra), podrían ser fácilmente
detectadas, medidas y registradas con un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">multímetro
conectado a un registrador de banda, y con un aislamiento muy bueno</b>, para
evitar cualquier tipo de ruido o interferencia, lo cual puede implicar tener
que <u>ubicar el multímetro y toda la instalación en el espacio interplanetario</u>
(en un satélite o nave interplanetaria lo más alejada de cualquier astro:
planeta, satélite,…).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Pero <u>la cosa se complica</u> si queremos detectar y
registrar <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ondas EM</b> de longitudes de
onda superiores, y sobre todo cuando hablamos de longitudes<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> superiores a 10 exp +<st1:metricconverter productid="25 metros" w:st="on">25
metros</st1:metricconverter>.</b> Esto significa un período de 1.000 millones
de años para un ciclo completo, y deberíamos ser capaces de percibir un pequeño
trozo de la onda (con una precisión de 1/1.000.000.000 de variación de la<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>amplitud de la onda para 1 año de medición y
registro).</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Y como
mínimo precisaríamos varias mediciones (y tantos años como mediciones).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Una de las dificultades que se presentan para la detección
de estas frecuencias tan bajas <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ELF: “Extrem Low Frecuency”</b>)</i> es el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>tamaño de la <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antena" title="Antena">antena</a></u></b>. Las antenas deben tener un tamaño
aproximado a la<u> mitad de la <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitud_de_onda" title="Longitud de onda">longitud de onda</a></u> con la que operan. Sin
embargo, existen otras formas de construir estaciones de radio con tamaños más
reducidos gracias al <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alargamiento_el%C3%A9ctrico&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alargamiento eléctrico (aún no redactado)">alargamiento
eléctrico</a></b>.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Pero precisaríamos un sistema de
alargamiento eléctrico entre estaciones situadas a distancias muy elevadas (alrededor
de la Tierra, Tierra-Luna,...).</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Para
longitudes de onda largas de unos pocos metros, un radio telescopio de nueva
generación, el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Low Frequency Array
(LOFAR),</b> ha comenzado las operaciones de prueba en 2009 y estará <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plenamente operativo en 2013</b>. La
mayoría de las 40 estaciones previstas están operando en los Países Bajos ( </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://www.lofar.org/"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">http://www.lofar.org</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> ), seis en Alemania ( </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://www.lofar.de/"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">http://www.lofar.de</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> ), y uno en el Reino Unido ( </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://www.lofar-uk.org/"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">http://www . LOFAR-uk.org</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> ), en Suecia ( </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://lofar-se.org/"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">http://lofar-se.org</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> ) y en Francia ( <a href="http://www.lesia.obspm.fr/plasma/Lofar">http://www.lesia.obspm.fr/plasma/Lofar</a>
). La extensión a otros países europeos se han previsto. Entre las muchas
posibilidades de observación de LOFAR, está el ser capaces de <u>rastrear la
emisión de sincrotrón de radio de baja energía en los rayos cósmicos de débiles
campos magnético</u>s. Esto nos permitirá observar las regiones
ultraperiféricas de las galaxias que sólo son accesibles a través de las ondas
de radio.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Pero aún en el caso en que fuera posible detectar estas
ondas <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">EM de longitudes de ondas tan extremas</b>,
positivas o negativas, <u>no está 100% garantizado que estas ondas provinieran
de fuera de nuestro universo conocido</u>, aunque siempre es una posibilidad a
considerar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;">Ondas
Gravitatorias/Gravitacionales<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Otra opción
para detectar estímulos del exterior de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro
Universo Conocido</b> podrían ser las enigmáticas <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ondas Gravitatorias/Gravitacionales.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">La Gravedad</span></u></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, que es la primera fuerza que el
hombre conoció (Galileo, Copérnico y Newton durante el siglo XVII), anterior a
la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">EM</b> (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Oersted, Ampere y Maxwel durante el siglo XIX</span>) y evidentemente a
las <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fuerzas Cuánticas</b> (Nucleares Débil
y Fuerte, Fermi y Yukawa durante el siglo XX), actualmente <u>es posiblemente
la fuerza (el campo) más desconocida y enigmática</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">En </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">física</span></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">, una <b>onda gravitacional/gravitatoria</b> es una
ondulación del </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espacio-tiempo" title="Espacio-tiempo"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">espacio-tiempo</span></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> producida por un cuerpo masivo
acelerado. Las ondas gravitacionales constituyen una consecuencia de la teoría
de la </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatividad_general" title="Relatividad general"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">relatividad general</span></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> de </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein" title="Einstein"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Einstein</span></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">
y se transmiten a la </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidad_de_la_luz" title="Velocidad de la luz"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">velocidad de la luz</span></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">. <u>Hasta ahora no ha sido
posible detectar ninguna de estas ondas</u>, aunque sí existen evidencias
indirectas de ellas.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Las <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ondas
Gravitatorias</b>, pueden <u>desplazarse a muy largas distancias prácticamente
sin alteración</u>, y entre sus posibles fuentes se encuentran tres tipos:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Fuentes catastróficas por
explosión</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">
producidas por la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Coalescencia</b>
de sistemas compactos de estrellas binarias, o formación de estrellas de
neutrones o agujeros negros en supernovas.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Fuentes de Banda Estrecha</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: Rotación de estrellas
individuales no asimétricas como estrellas binarias lejos de la
coalescencia.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Fondos Estocásticos</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> debidos al efecto integrado de
muchas fuentes de muy larga distancia, y hasta que podrían ser generados
por efectos de las anteriores fuentes producidos en el <u>universo
primitivo</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Nuevos estudios proponen que una de las causantes de la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Energía Oscura</b> podrían ser las <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ondas Gravitatorias Primordiales</b>
producidas durante la fase inflacionaria en los primeros instantes de la Gran
Explosión.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Actualmente existen varios proyectos de observación de ondas
gravitacionales, como <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">LIGO</span></a> </b>(</span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Estados
Unidos</span></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TAMA_300&action=edit&redlink=1" title="TAMA 300 (aún no redactado)"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">TAMA 300</span></a></b> (</span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%B3n" title="Japón"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Japón</span></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">),
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEO_600" title="GEO 600"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">GEO 600</span></a></b>
(</span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Alemania</span></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">
y </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Reino Unido</span></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">),
o <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VIRGO&action=edit&redlink=1" title="VIRGO (aún no redactado)"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">VIRGO</span></a></b> (</span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Francia</span></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">
e </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Italia</span></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">).</span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Los más pesimistas consideran que la detección real de ondas
gravitacionales sólo podrá ser realizada desde el espacio. Una misión espacial
denominada <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/LISA" title="LISA"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">LISA</span></a> </b>(“<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Laser Interferometer Space Antenna”)</span>
se encuentra en fase de estudio para constituir el primer <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">observatorio espacial de ondas gravitacionales</b> y podría estar
operativo alrededor del <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020" title="2020"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2020</span></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">.</span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">El estudio de estas ondas nos ayudarán a contestar preguntas
sobre el comienzo del universo, su hipotético fin o sus límites, y quien sabe
si <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">otros Universos exteriores al Nuestro</b>.
Es posible que puedan detectarse Fondos Estocásticos generados por el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big-Bang de otros Universos </b>exteriores
al nuestro, o debidos a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">colisiones entre
ellos</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="border: 2.25pt solid windowtext; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">NUEVA TEORÍA SOBRE DEL FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LA GRAVEDAD<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;">Las diferentes Campos
de Fuerzas de la Naturaleza que conocemos (Nucleares Débil y Fuerte,
Electromagnética y Gravitatoria) llevan asociadas una partícula (Bosón, Gluón,
Fotón y Gravitón, respectivamente) pero éste último (el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gravitón</b>) aún está pendiente de demostrarse experimentalmente.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;">Actualmente <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">aún se desconoce como funciona realmente la
Gravedad</b> (tanto <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Newton</b>, Einstein
y Hawking, aceptaron que desconocían cómo trabaja la gravedad). Newton creía
que la Gravedad es una <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fuerza atractiva</b>
entre masas, mientras que <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Einstein</b>
propuso en su Teoría de la Relatividad (la actualmente aceptada oficialmente)
el concepto de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Espacio-Tiempo Curvado</b>
como su posible causa. <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;">Mientras que
actualmente existen otras propuestas que intentan explicar la gravedad por la
Teoría Cuántica, como la de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arthur A.
Larson</b> que propone que es una </span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR;">interacción
de emisión y absorción de gravitones</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR;"> desde dentro de los núcleos de los átomos entre sí, que producen
auto-movimiento de átomos uno hacia el otro. O, como también dijo <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hawking</b>, “<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">un intercambio de gravitones entre las partículas que constituyen dos
cuerpos” que hace que se muevan o atraigan. La gravedad sería entonces cuantificada
(basada en las partículas) como lo son todos las otras fuerzas de la
Naturaleza. <b>Una gravedad cuantificada es uno de los santos griales de la
ciencia.</b></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;">Si esta última
propuesta (de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Larson y Hawking</b>)
fuera correcta, supondría un cambio importante en los conceptos aceptados
actualmente científicamente sobre el Universo, como la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">limitación de la velocidad</b> de la luz, el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big-Bang</b> y la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">expansión del
Universo.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;">Radiación de Fondo
de Microondas del Universo<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">La teoría
inflacionaria</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> (si
también fuera válida fuera de los límites de Nuestro Universo) predice la <u>imposibilidad
de viajar entre dos "universos burbuja" exteriores al Nuestro</u>,
pues el espacio entre ellos se hallaría aún en fase de inflación, <u>expandiéndose
más rápido de lo que la luz puede viajar a través de él</u>, de tal forma que
ningún tipo de radiación que probase su existencia podría llegar hasta
nosotros.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sin embargo, los físicos se han preguntado que ocurriría <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">si dos de esas burbujas (Universos)
colisionasen</b>, de modo que en algún punto <u>entre ellas no existiese
espacio</u> en fase inflacionaria. Por ejemplo con Nuestro Universo (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestra Burbuja</b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Un estudio y análisis de las <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Radiación de Fondo de Microondas del Universo</b> (realizadas por la
sonda <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">WMAP</b> de la NASA) y tratadas
con ciertos <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">filtros y algoritmos informáticos</b>,
parece que detecta <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">colisiones de otras burbujas</b>
con de la nuestra (Nuestro Universo), en tiempos primigenios. E<span class="post-content1"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">sas <u>colisiones</u> se habrían producido previsiblemente <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">durante la infancia de Nuestro Universo</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: cyan;">http://moriond.in2p3.fr/J12/transparencies/11_Sunday_am/mcewen.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="post-content1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Este equipo internacional ha creado
un nuevo <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">algoritmo computerizado</b>
para cazar dichas irregularidades en nuestro universo, que creen que serían de
una forma circular y similar al achatamiento temporal que se produce cuando una
pelota golpea a otra.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="post-content1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Por suerte, los telescopios modernos
son capaces de estudiar una especie de fotografía difuminada del universo
cuando era un bebé: el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fondo cósmico de
microondas</b>. El CMB (en inglés) es la radiación emitida por el plasma
caliente que dominó el universo hasta unos 380.000 años después del “Big-Bang”,
que se cree ocurrió hace más de 13 mil millones de años.</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="post-content1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Pero podría ser que <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">los mapas actuales del CMB (</b></span></span><span class="st"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Cosmic Microwave
Background)</span></span><span class="st"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span class="post-content1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">no son lo suficientemente precisos</span></b></span><span class="post-content1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> para
detectar los mínimos cambios que presumiblemente indicarían un choque o una colisión
inter-universal. Por lo que se están esperando ansiosamente los nuevos datos
del<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> telescopio espacial Planck, </b>que
está grabando el CMB con una<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> resolución
tres veces mejor </b>que el mapeo más reciente del CMB, que se creó usando la
sonda orbital Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span><span class="post-content1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">La recolección de información del Planck está previsto que finalice este
año 2012, pero <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">se tardará hasta enero de
2013 para filtrarla</b>, eliminando distorsiones causadas por interferencias
procedentes de cuerpos celestes más cercanos a nosotros, en términos de
espacio-tiempo, comparados con el CMB.</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;">Universos dentro del
Volumen de Planck (menores que la Escala de Planck)<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">La <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Escala / Dimensión
o L<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ongitud de Planck</span></b> (<i>ℓ</i><sub>P</sub>)
es la distancia o escala de longitud por debajo de la cual se espera que el
espacio deje de tener una geometría clásica. Una medida inferior previsiblemente no puede ser tratada adecuadamente con los
modelos de física actuales debido a la aparición de efectos de gravedad
cuántica. <span class="post-content1"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Explicándolo brevemente, cualquier partícula que
mida menos de esa longitud, dejará de tener una geometría clásica, o sea un
objeto sin las dimensiones que conocemos, las cuales son largo, ancho, y
profundidad.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="border: 2.25pt solid windowtext; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span class="post-content1"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;">La <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Longitud de Planck</b> se
calcula como la <u>distancia que recorre un fotón</u> a la velocidad de la luz
en el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tiempo de Planck</b>, y depende </span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;">de <u>tres constantes fundamentales</u>, la <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidad_de_la_luz" title="Velocidad de la luz"><span style="background-color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">velocidad de la luz</span></a><span style="background-color: black;"> (c), la </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constante_de_Planck" title="Constante de Planck"><span style="background-color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">constante de Planck</span></a><span style="background-color: black;"> (ħ) y la </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constante_gravitacional" title="Constante gravitacional"><span style="background-color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">constante gravitacional</span></a><span style="background-color: black;"> </span>(G).<span class="post-content1"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"> La longitud de Planck es aproximadamente <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 metros" w:st="on">-<st1:metricconverter productid="35 metros" w:st="on">35 metros</st1:metricconverter></st1:metricconverter></u></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;">Así mismo, se definen
diferentes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Unidades de Planck Básicas</b>
(Longitud, Tiempo, Masa, Carga y Temperatura) y <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Derivadas</b> (Energía, Fuerza, Potencia, Densidad, Presión,…).<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: currentColor; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;">El <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Volumen de Planck</b> es el Volumen contenido en un cubo con aristas de
la Longitud de Planck (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ℓ</span><sub>P</sub>
al cubo).<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">¿Puede existir algo (y hasta más Universos) dentro de este
volumen</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">? Para
nuestro cerebro se hace muy difícil de asimilar. Mientras que la posibilidad de
la existencia de otros Universos fuera del Nuestro, aunque difícil, se hace
comprensible, para dimensiones inferiores se hace muy difícil de entender y
asimilar. Nuestro cerebro nos hace pensar que debe existir un final, una
partícula mínima, que hasta hace 100 años se creía que era el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">átomo</b> (en griego <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“a (no) –tomo (divisible)”</i>,</b>
que significa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>sin partes o indivisible</u></i>),
que ya se pronosticó por la Antigua Grecia pero que no se ha demostrado hasta el
siglo XIX.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Hemos de tener en cuenta que la Dimensión de Planck (10 exp-<st1:metricconverter productid="35 metros" w:st="on">35 metros</st1:metricconverter>) es 10 exp-25
menor que la dimensión de un átomo medio (10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-10 metros" w:st="on">-10 metros</st1:metricconverter>). Visto de
otra forma, para <u>la Dimensión de Planck es a la dimensión de un átomo, lo
que para nosotros es la dimensión del Universo Conocido.<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Muy poco se conoce de
estas dimensiones, y conceptos como la<span class="post-content1"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Espuma Cuántica</b> (</span></span><em><span style="font-family: Arial;">tejido</span></em><span class="post-content1"><span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> básico del
universo que se halla sobre estas longitudes), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gravedad Cuántica</b> (teoría unificadora), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cuántica Fractal</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cuerdas </b>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ToE “Theory of Everything”</i>)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> y</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Energía
del Vacío</b>, son conceptos confusos y fascinantes que se consideran en estas
escalas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="post-content1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">La <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Teoría de Kaluza-Klein (1919-1926)</b> propone la existencia de nuevas
dimensiones espaciales enrolladas adicionales que podrían ser tan pequeñas como
la Longitud de Planck. Y la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Teoría de
Cuerdas</b> propone la existencia de seis dimensiones espaciales adicionales a
las conocidas en forma de espacio de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Calabi-Yau</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="post-content1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Si se confirmaran la existencia de
las anteriores dimensiones espaciales adicionales, a partir de la Dimensión de
Planck, implicaría que todos aquellos <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">entes
u posibles universos</b> que pudieran existir, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">serían multi-dimensionales</b>, y serían muy diferentes a Nuestro
Universo, y, por consiguiente,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>muy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>difíciles de<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>asimilar para nuestro cerebro y desde el nuestra escala de referencia.<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
<span class="post-content1"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></u></span><br />
<span class="post-content1"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">¿Que tipo de estímulos pueden
provenir de estas dimensiones tan pequeñas y multi-dimensionales?</span></u></span><span class="post-content1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Es posible que a estas escalas
inferiores a la Dimensión de Planck<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">, (</b>menores
de 10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 metros" w:st="on">-35 metros</st1:metricconverter>)
existan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ondas EM </b>(y puede también
que ondas de los campos Fuerte y Débil), pero éstas serían<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> muy pequeñas y cortas</b> (tanto en longitud como en alcance) y de muy
elevada energía. Pero también sería posible que puedan existir <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">otros tipos de campos de fuerzas desconocidos
actualmente, </b>y sus respectivas ondas, estímulos o señales, todas ellas <u>indetectables
también para nosotros y para los instrumentos que disponemos actualmente en nuestra
escala</u>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">El sistema que utilizan actualmente nuestros científicos
para estudiar las partículas y fenómenos de estas dimensiones tan pequeñas son
los famosos <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">colisionadores de partículas</b>,
que tratan de observar y detectar las radiaciones y partículas que se producen
al colisionar partículas (hadrones, electrones, protones,…) muy pequeñas entre
sí, y a muy altas velocidades.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span><br /></span>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span></span><span class="post-content1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;">Posibilidad de la existencia y detección de otros Campos de
Fuerzas desconocidos<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Como ya hemos mencionado, los diferentes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Campos de Fuerzas</b> conocidos son sólo cuatro:
Débil, Fuerte, Electromagnético y Gravitatorio. La <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gravedad</b>, fue la primera fuerza que el hombre conoció (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">siglo XVII</b>), anterior a la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">EM</b> (<b>siglo XIX</b>) y evidentemente a
las Fuerzas <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nucleares Débil y Fuerte</b>,
(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">siglo XX</b>).<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Con estos cuatro campos de fuerzas, se pretenden, actualmente, explicar
científicamente todos fenómenos que observamos en el Universo conocido.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">¿Que sucedería si se descubriese uno o varios <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nuevos campos de fuerza</b>? ¿Es ésta una
hipótesis viable?<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Evidentemente ésta <u>es una posibilidad más que viable</u>,
sino sería como afirmar que ya lo sabemos casi todo en física, y que pocas
cosas nos quedan por descubrir. Suponer esto sería muy pretencioso y hasta
irresponsable para científicos serios y rigurosos. Sobre todo teniendo en
cuenta que hace IV siglos no se conocía ninguna, hace dos siglos se conoció la EM,
y sólo hace 100 años se empezó a hablar de las débil y fuerte.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Al igual que hemos visto que estas fuerzas conocidas
predominan más en una escalas que en otras, puede que estos otros campos de
fuerza por conocer, <u>se presenten con mayor esplendor fuera de los límites
conocidos de Nuestro Universo</u> (ya sean en los positivos como en los
negativos). Pero evidentemente si no los conocemos nos hace más difícil su
detección, aunque no imposible. Simplemente hemos de tener la mente abierta a
esta posibilidad, y estar <u>atento a cualquier señal o fenómeno anómalo/extraño</u>
que no pueda explicarse con los campos conocidos<span style="color: navy;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;"><u>COMPARATIVA ENTRE MODELOS
DE UNIVERSO (ACTUAL Y ARCO-IRIS 3D)<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: #fff2cc;">
</span><span style="color: #fff2cc;">
</span><span style="color: #fff2cc;">
</span><span style="color: #fff2cc;">
</span><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: rgb(204, 255, 204); border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">MODELO ACTUAL<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(204, 255, 204); border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">MODELO ARCO-IRIS 3D<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;">El <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo</b> (que
es único) está limitado para las escalas superiores por el espacio generado
desde el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big-Bang</b> (10^+<st1:metricconverter productid="27 metros" w:st="on">27 metros</st1:metricconverter>) y para las
inferiores por la dimensión de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Planck </b>(10^-<st1:metricconverter productid="35 metros" w:st="on">35 metros</st1:metricconverter>) en la que la
aparición de la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gravedad cuántica </b>impediría
que una medida inferior, que, no podría ser tratada adecuadamente con los
modelos de física actuales<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;">Nuestro Universo</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"> conocido (entre 10^-35 y 10^+<st1:metricconverter productid="27 metros" w:st="on">27 metros</st1:metricconverter>) (que es uno
más entre otros) no es más que una franja del espectro de escalas total del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Global</b>, que, en principio
puede ser infinito. Y a medida que la ciencia física y la tecnología avancen,
se irá ampliando esta franja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #fff2cc;">El <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo </b>(que
es único) se inició en un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big-Bang</b>
hace 13.700 millones de años y se está expandiendo de forma <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">isotrópica</b> desde entonces.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #fff2cc;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;">Nuestro Universo</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"> es una “burbuja” más de las muchas
que hay en una escala superior a la nuestra dentro del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Global,</b> y que han tenido (o tendrán) sus propios <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big-Bang</b> en diferentes momentos.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;">En el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo</b>
existen cuatro <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Campos de Fuerzas</b>
(Fuerte, Débil, Electromagnética y Gravedad) que explican todos los fenómenos
físicos que se conocen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;">Fuera de los límites actuales de esta franja escalar de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro Universo </b>pueden existir otros
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Campos de Fuerzas</b> que actúen muy
débilmente en el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nuestro. </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #fff2cc;">Las <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Leyes
Fundamentales</b> y subyacentes del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo
</b>son las mismas para todo el Universo, aún qué éstas se puedan manifestar
de forma diferente en lo grande<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> (Quantum Model)</b></span> que en lo pequeño (<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Relativistic Model)</b></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #fff2cc;">Aun qué aceptemos que las <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Leyes Fundamentales</b> y subyacentes son las mismas para todos los espectros
y franjas del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Global</b>,
éstas se manifiestan de forma diferente a través de ellas, precisando
diferentes modelos que formalicen y expliquen las diferentes zonas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;">El <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo </b>se puede
explicar y normalizar mediante dos modelos físicos. El <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Modelo Cuántico </b>(para lo pequeño) y el <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Modelo Relativista </b>(para lo grande). Y se está evolucionando
hacia un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Modelo del Todo</b> que
unificaría los anteriores modelos (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Teoría
M o de Supercuerdas</b>), abarcando Todo el Universo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;">Para las diferentes franjas de los espectros del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arco-iris 3D</b>, del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Global</b>, pueden predominar
diferentes modelos y patrones que expliquen mejor sus fenómenos (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Modelos Cuántico y Relativista)</b>. La
posible <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Teoría M</b> simplemente
abarcaría una franja más amplia que englobará los anteriores modelos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #fff2cc;">El <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo</b> es
único, y todas las ondas y estímulos, así como los campos y fuerzas que
conocemos son los que lo conforman en su totalidad. Solo se prevén posibles
otros <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universos Paralelos, </b>y
posibles seres vivos, en otras posibles <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dimensiones
espaciales</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #fff2cc;">Para las diferentes franjas de los espectros del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arco-iris 3D</b>, pueden predominar
diferentes ondas y estímulos, diferentes campos y fuerzas. Y pueden formarse diferentes
entidades y cuerpos. Pudiendo coexistir <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universos
Paralelos, </b>y hasta, porqué no, diferentes seres vivos,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>en los <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">diferentes niveles escalares</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Nuestra especie </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">se halla <u>a medio camino</u> entre las
estructuras mas grandes y las mas pequeñas del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo</b> y somos muy afortunados porque ello nos sirve como
plataforma para observar al universo en todas sus dimensiones.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Nuestra especie</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> se halla <u>a medio camino</u> entre las
estructuras mas grandes y las mas pequeñas del <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo Conocido</b>, porque desde el espectro escalar de referencia
en que nos encontramos, es <u>lo que nuestra tecnología y conocimientos nos
permite observar y conocer </u>hacia las dos direcciones.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #fff2cc;">El <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Universo</b> se
considera como un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sistema Físico
Cerrado</b> en el que la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">energía
contenida en él es constante.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #fff2cc;">Los diversos <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Niveles
de Escalas</b> se pueden considerar como <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sistemas
Físicos Abiertos</b>, y ello significaría que podría haber un <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">intercambio de energía entre ellos</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: yellow;"><u>POSIBLES SEÑALES DE FUERA DE LOS LIMITES DE NUESTRO UNIVERSO</u></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
</span></o:p></span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"></span><br />
<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><br />
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<tbody>
<tr style="height: 14pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 14pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #003300; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">ESCALAS POSITIVAS<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #fff2cc;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ondas
Electromagnéticas</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">
de muy elevadas <u>Longitudes de Onda</u> (>10 exp +<st1:metricconverter productid="30 metros" w:st="on">30 metros</st1:metricconverter>) que
traspasen Nuestro Universo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 18.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 18.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #fff2cc;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ondas Gravitatorias</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> provenientes de <u>Fondos
Estocásticos</u> generados por los Big-Bang de otros Universos exteriores al
nuestro.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 18.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 18.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #fff2cc;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Radiación de Fondo de
Microondas del Universo</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> tratada con ciertos <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">filtros y
algoritmos informáticos </b>que detecte colisiones de otras burbujas fuera de
(o contra) Nuestro Universo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"><td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 18.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #fff2cc;">Otras ondas generadas por <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Campos de Fuerzas desconocidos</b> y que sólo prevalezcan en escalas
muy elevadas (>10 exp +<st1:metricconverter productid="30 metros" w:st="on">30
metros</st1:metricconverter>), aunque su influencia pueda ser muy débil en
nuestras escalas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<tbody>
<tr style="height: 14pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153); border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 14pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #003300; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">ESCALAS NEGATIVAS<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<tr style="height: 18.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #fff2cc;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ondas
Electromagnéticas</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">
de muy bajas <u>Longitudes de Onda</u> (menores 10 exp <st1:metricconverter productid="-35 metros" w:st="on">-35 metros</st1:metricconverter>), aunque su
alcance pueda ser muy corto y difícil de detectar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #fff2cc;">Posibles Ondas generadas por los <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Campos Débil y Fuerte.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 9.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="background: silver; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 9.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<tr style="height: 18.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 18.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.05pt;" valign="top" width="524"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #fff2cc; font-family: Arial;">Otras ondas generadas por <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Campos de Fuerzas desconocidos</b> y que prevalezcan en escalas muy
bajas (menores de 10 exp -35 metros), aunque su influencia pueda ser muy debil para escalas superiores.</span></div>
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</tbody></table>
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IBPS Consultinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11112631113732524666noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-783534780590212053.post-68322784440760952202012-06-11T22:20:00.001+02:002017-01-14T00:06:44.861+01:00M-DIMENSION<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #274e13;">THE “MATRYOSHKA” M-DIMENSION THEORY</span></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">A FANTASTIC VOYAGE</span> </span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Everyone has present the movie <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"Fantastic
Voyage"</b> (based on the novel by Isaac Asimov, 1966) which reduces the
size of a submarine (Proteus) and crews (pure science fiction literature) to be
introduced into the blood circulatory system of a person so they can correct
the condition that it have (blood clot in the brain).</span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The film has good scientific basis as always Isaac Asimov do, but also
has some conceptual errors, both from the standpoint of medicine / biology, and
physics / mechanics: Circulation of the submarine in the blood (difference of
the blood and water density), visibility, ...</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">But possibly the most obvious paradox, and possibly the least understand
by the reader / viewer is that, by the mere fact that reducing a person's body
is supposed to also reduce the component parts of the same form (cells,
molecules, atoms, protons, ...). How equivalent elements (Ex: water molecule)
can coexist in a single system (universe) with different dimensions (up to 10
exp 5: 100,000 times)?. How the intruder would fit within the universe tiny
that has been implanted?. What laws of physics / chemical / biological would be
applicable (micro, macro, or a combination of both), and How they interact with
each other?</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">“THE M-DIMENSION”<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Even with their errors and paradoxes, this book / movie gives us an idea
of what could be traveling between different scales (powers of 10) of the
dimensions (XYZ). This is what we might call " Matryoshka Travels" in
reference to the famous "Russian Dolls" called Matryoshka.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Likewise, we also evidence the difficulty and strangeness of these trips
to smaller scales (Powers negative: cells, molecules, ...), where we can not
travel otherwise than by making as small as the size of the scale where we want
to travel . For this film the reduction is 100,000 times, but if we move to the
scale of electrons, we would have to reduce our size 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 times
(10 exp -18).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Instead travel to larger scales (Positive Powers: galaxy, universe, ...)
always we imagine without having to change the scale or dimension. It is
assumed that a spacecraft is used (inter-stellar or inter-galactic) and we move
at high speeds (maximum speed of light). But we never imagine to travel there
making larger (increasing) our size as well as we do in the case of travel to
the small.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">If we make this effort and we made this change of mind (although the
concept itself is not scientifically feasible) we can visualize what could be a
new dimension of the universe (the fifth dimension?). An extra dimension that could
be added to the already existing 4 dimensions (the 3 space ones XYZ and the Time).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A new (fifth?) Dimension may be referred to as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>"Dimension M"</u></b> referring to M of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Matryoshka Russian Dolls</b>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></u></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">IS THE M-DIMENSION
A NEW DIMENSION?... AND IS IT INDEPENDENT?<o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><strong>M-Dimension</strong> seems that meets the essential requirements to be considered
as a physical dimension:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Give another freedom degree to Our Universe</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">. Opening Our
known Universe (of four dimensions) to other universes, as do the
different pages of a book on the worlds of two dimensions (from 2D to 3D).
<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">As with the
other dimensions (XYZ and time) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">may
be finite or infinite</b> (!). Either to big or to small things.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Its units can be represented as<strong> magnitude orders</strong> (10 based exponents)</span><span style="font-family: "arial";">.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">But there is a doubt, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">is the
M-Dimension totally <u>independent</u></b>?, Or it is a <u>dependent dimension</u>
of the other three spatial dimensions (XYZ)?. Since the dimension M is related
to the size of the bodies, is the size a measure dependent on the dimensional
space (XYZ)?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Now if it is true that the size M requires that there is at least one
spatial dimension (X, Y or Z), and that would be meaningless if there were
none.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">It seems that is different to move through the spatial dimensions <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">XYZ</b> that through <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">M-Dimension.</b> We can move through the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">XYZ</b> spatial dimensions being in the same scale, strip or area of
the M-Dimension. Conversely, we can move through the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">M-Dimension</b> being in the same position (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">XYZ</b>) spatial dimensions.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A simple example to understand the dimensions is that if two people meet
on a site, they should be given the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">address</b>
(XYZ dimension) and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">time</b> (Time
dimension). But I think it also should be given the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scale</b> (M-Dimension). Currently it is not taken for granted.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">But if we could move through
the different levels of scales should specify which<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt;">Whether or not independent or dependent of known
spatial dimensions, the dimension M must be taken into account and considered
as one option among the dimensions that are being required by
M-theory predicts. At least, it gives a broader view of the universe from which
it currently has, and can help you better understand the Global Universe to
which we belong.</span>IBPS Consultinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11112631113732524666noreply@blogger.com